Table 1.
Characteristics of the reviewed studies based on the causes of violence against nurses and its reduction interventions in developed countries
| First Author/Year/Country of Study | Study Objective | Research Method/Study Sample | Data Collection Method and Instrument |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arnetz (2015, United States) [17] | To identify factors and environmental conditions influencing patient violence against healthcare personnel | Qualitative (staff from a large hospital system consisting of seven hospitals) | Standardized online computerized reporting system |
| Morphet (2014, Australia) [18] | To identify common causes of perceived violence in the emergency department | Qualitative (nurses); phase 1: 157 participants, phase 2: 132 participants, phase 3: 158 participants | Three-round Delphi technique (interview guide) |
| Angland (2014, Ireland) [19] | To investigate the causes of violence and aggression experienced by Irish nurses | Qualitative (12 emergency nurses: 3 males and 9 females, aged 36 to 40; purposive sampling) | Semi-structured interviews (interview guide) |
| Pich (2013, Australia) [20] | To describe the experiences of Australian emergency nurses with patient- and visitor-related violence | Qualitative (emergency department nurses, 11 participants: 7 females and 4 males, average age 44; purposive sampling) | Semi-structured interviews (interview guide) |
| Fafliora (2016, Greece) [21] | To assess the prevalence and characteristics of violence against nurses working in a healthcare center in Greece | Cross-sectional (80 nurses: 83.3% females, 16.7% males; 53.8% aged 40–49 years; convenience sampling) | Survey (questionnaire) |
| Pich (2017, Australia) [22] | To determine the prevalence and causes of violence against emergency nurses in Australia | Cross-sectional (537 nurses; average age 44 years) | Survey (questionnaire) |
| Wolf (2014, United States) [23] | To examine the experiences of emergency nurses who were physically or verbally assaulted while providing patient care | Qualitative (emergency nurses, 46 participants: 8 males [17.4%], 37 females [80.4%], and 1 nurse with unspecified gender [2.2%]) | Content analysis of submitted emails |
| Ramacciati (2018, Italy) [24] | To analyze the characteristics of workplace violence and determine its prevalence in emergency and urgent care departments in Italy | Cross-sectional (emergency and urgent care nurses, 265 participants: 144 females, 119 males, 2 unspecified; average age 42 ± 9 years) | Survey (questionnaire) |
| Koukia (2013, Greece) [25] | To determine the types and causes of violence experienced by doctors and nurses and to provide solutions | Cross-sectional (250 healthcare staff: 66 males and 184 females; average age 36.3 years; random sampling) | Survey (questionnaire) |
| Hahn (2010, Switzerland) [26] | To determine nurses’ experiences of violence from patients and visitors in a public hospital in Switzerland | Cross-sectional (nurses working in various clinical departments of four general hospitals, 291 participants: 93.5% females and 6.2% males; 34.4% aged 19–30, 40.5% aged 30–44; non-probability purposive sampling) | Survey (questionnaire) |
| Pompeii (2015, United States) [27] | To determine the prevalence of violence in six hospitals in the United States | Cross-sectional (5,385 hospital staff: 4290 females and 1021 males [80% female, 20% male]; more than half were over 40 years old) | Survey (questionnaire) |
| Ramacciati (2019, Italy) [28] | To determine the dimensions and characteristics of violence against emergency nurses | Cross-sectional (816 participants: 480 females [58.8%] and 336 males [41.2%]; average age 41 ± 9 years, age range 20–65) | Survey (questionnaire) |
| Pelto-Piri (2020, Sweden) [29] | To examine staff perspectives on violent incidents during inpatient psychiatric care | Cross-sectional (entire staff population of ten psychiatric clinics; 283 incidents reported by 181 staff members) | Survey (questionnaire) |
| Celene Y.L. Yap (2023, Australia) [30] | To identify and compare the attitudes of nurses and patient companions in the emergency department regarding the causes and management of patient aggression | Cross-sectional (nurses, patients, and companions; convenience sampling; 177 participants [65.5% patients and 34.5% patient companions], 102 females [57.6%] and 75 males [42.4%], 41.2% over 60 years old; 222 nurses: 196 females [88.3%] and 26 males [11.7%], 64% aged up to 39 years) | Survey (questionnaire) |
| Arnetz (2018, United States) [31] | To identify organizational factors influencing violence in hospitals | Cross-sectional (staff from 41 hospital units; 446 participants; 25.6% aged 40–49 years; 81.8% females, 17.7% male) | Survey (questionnaire) |
| McCann (2014, Australia) [32] | To determine clinical staff attitudes toward the causes and management of aggression in acute inpatient geriatric psychiatric wards | Cross-sectional (85 participants [75 nurses]; 56 females [65.9%] and 29 males [34.1%]; average age 43 years, ranging from 24 to 62 years) | Survey (questionnaire) |
| Duxbury (2005, United Kingdom) [33] | To report staff and patient perspectives on the causes of patient aggression and its management | Mixed methods study (psychiatric ward nurses and inpatients from three psychiatric inpatient units; convenience sampling; 82 patients [40 males, 42 females], 80 nurses [61 females, 19 males]) | Survey (questionnaire) and unstructured in-depth interviews |
| Gates (2006, United States) [34] | To determine the violence experienced by emergency department staff from patients and companions during the 6 months prior to the survey | Cross-sectional (healthcare staff from five hospitals; 242 participants: 177 females [73.1%], 65 males [26.9%]) | Survey (questionnaire) |
| Gacki-Smith (2009, United States) [35] | To determine nurses’ experiences and perceptions of violence from patients and companions in emergency departments | Cross-sectional (emergency nurses; convenience sampling; 3465 participants: 2910 females [84.4%], 536 males [15.6%]; 38.2% aged 45–54 years) | Survey (questionnaire) |
| Timmins (2021, Ireland) [36] | To examine the association between emergency waiting times and occurrence of violence | Literature review (25 studies) | Literature review (data extraction form) |
| Hamrin (2009, United States) [37] | To identify ecological factors influencing workplace violence | Literature review | Literature review (data extraction form) |
| Magnavita (2011, Italy) [38] | To develop an aggression prevention program in a psychiatric unit and report its impact on violence rates | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (nursing staff and nursing assistants in a psychiatric rehabilitation unit; approximately 82 female staff in 1995 and 94 staff in 2009) | Intervention conducted and questionnaires completed |
| Henderson (2013, United States) [39] | Designing a safer emergency department to address workplace violence | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (43 emergency department staff) | Intervention implemented and questionnaire completed |
| McLaughlin (2010, United Kingdom) [40] | Preparing staff to handle verbal aggression: attitude change, increased confidence, enhanced self-regulation coping | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (psychiatric inpatient ward nurses, 18 participants, mean age 33 years, convenience sampling) | Intervention conducted and questionnaires completed |
| Hahn (2008, Switzerland) [41] | Systematic review of patient and visitor violence | Literature review (31 studies) | Literature review (data extraction form) |
| Oludare (2024, Scotland) [42] | Synthesis of international evidence on determinants of violence against nurses and its impact on their performance | Literature review (21 studies) | Literature review (data extraction form) |
| Lau (2004, Australia) [43] | Reviewing the causes of violence against nurses | Literature review | Literature review (data extraction form) |
| Pich (2010, Australia) [44] | Reviewing the concept of patient violence against emergency nurses | Literature review (53 studies) | Literature review (data extraction form) |
| Stathopoulou (2007, Greece) [45] | Identifying factors associated with the occurrence of violence in healthcare and proposing solutions | Literature review | Literature review (data extraction form) |
| Pulsford (2013, United Kingdom) [46] | Determining the causes of violence and the measures taken in response to aggressive and violent incidents |
Cross-sectional study (109 nurses: 56 men, 33 women; 89 participants aged 25–54. 26 patients: 23 men, 3 with unspecified gender; 10 participants aged 25–34) |
Survey (questionnaire) |
| Kennedy (2005, Australia) [47] | Determining the impacts and consequences of violence in emergency departments, and to develop and implement strategies to manage violence | Literature review | Literature review (data extraction form) |
| Papadopoulos (2012, United Kingdom) [48] | Systematic review of types and causes of violence and aggression in psychiatric inpatient settings | Systematic review (71 studies) | Literature review (data extraction form) |
| Gerdtz (2013, Australia) [49] | Evaluating the impact of an educational program on staff attitudes regarding the prevention and early management of patient aggression | Mixed methods study (Emergency nurses and midwives; convenience sampling; survey: 471 participants, 86.6% female, 33.1% aged 20–29; interviews: 28 nurse managers and educators, 85.7% female) | Survey (questionnaire), semi-structured interviews |
| Crilly (2004, Australia) [50] | Identifying causes of patient violence against nurses in emergency departments | Cohort study (Emergency nurses from two public hospitals; 71 participants, 50 reported violence: 43 women (86%) and 7 men (14%), average age 37; 21 did not report violence: 17 women (81%) and 4 men (19%), average age 38) | Document review, questionnaire |
| Antão (2020, Portugal) [51] | Description of physical and verbal violence in a public hospital; suggestions on how to avoid or minimize workplace violence incidents; defining intervention strategies to improve workplace safety | Mixed methods (emergency healthcare staff; quantitative: 28 participants: 20 women and 8 men, mean age 41.64 ± 10.65; qualitative: 6 participants: 1 man and 5 women, age range 34 to 59) | Survey (questionnaire) and semi-structured in-depth interviews |
| Baby (2016, New Zealand) [52] | Identifying the nature of aggression experienced by healthcare professionals in New Zealand, access to security measures, and training for violence prevention and management in the workplace | Cross-sectional (141 healthcare managers) | Survey (questionnaire) |
| Fletcher (2021, New Zealand) [53] | Comparing patient and staff perspectives on the causes of aggression and violence in inpatient wards | Literature review (30 studies) | Literature review (data extraction form) |
| Brophy (2018, Canada) [54] | Exploring the experiences and perspectives of healthcare workers regarding the risk of physical, sexual, and verbal aggression from patients | Qualitative (54 healthcare workers: 41 women and 13 men, average age 47) | Semi-structured interviews (interview guide) |
| Pich (2011, Australia) [55] | Describing the experiences of a group of triage nurses with workplace violence | Qualitative (6 nurses: 2 men and 4 women, aged 29–53; purposive sampling) | Interviews (interview guide) |
| Davids (2021, Australia) [56] | Determining the effectiveness of individual and organizational responses to violent incidents in emergency departments | Qualitative (20 emergency department staff from four hospitals) | Semi-structured interviews (interview guide), ethnographic observations |
| Kafle (2022, United States) [57] | Exploring the concept of violence, its prevalence, consequences, impact on nursing, and developed strategies for prevention | Narrative review (11 studies) | Literature review (data extraction form) |
| Gates (2011, United States) [58] | Data were collected from emergency department staff, managers, and patients to identify their beliefs about workplace violence and to determine effective strategies | Qualitative study (emergency department personnel: 96 participants: 24 managers [12 men, 12 women], 47 staff members [46% females, 54% male], 25 patients [60% male, 40% female]) | Focus group discussions and Haddon matrix framework |
| Pina (2022, Spain) [59] | Exploring the sources of perceived conflicts among primary healthcare professionals and examined specific measures to reduce such conflicts | Qualitative study (primary healthcare professionals: 44 participants: 30 women [68.2%], 14 men [31.8%]; mean age: 50.3 years) | Focus group discussions |
| American Organization of Nurse Executives, Emergency Nurses Association (2015, United States) [60] | Review of the guidelines from the American Organization of Nurse Executives (AONE) and the Emergency Nurses Association (ENA) regarding the reduction of workplace violence | Guideline | Guideline |
| Reibmann (2023, Germany) [61] | Examining emergency staff perceptions of existing preventive measures, their effectiveness, and barriers to violence prevention | Qualitative study (emergency physicians and nurses; purposive sampling followed by snowball sampling; 27 participants: 13 physicians and 14 nurses; 15 women and 12 men; age range: 20–59 years) | Semi-structured interviews (interview guide) |
| Hartley (2015, United States) [62] | Description of the development, content, and qualitative evaluation of a free online course on workplace violence prevention | Qualitative study (9 nurses) | Focus group discussion (data collection form) |
| Corinne Peek-Asa (2009, United States) [63] | Comparison of workplace violence prevention programs in psychiatric units and facilities in California and New Jersey | Mixed-method study (53 hospitals in California and 30 hospitals in New Jersey; random sampling) | Semi-structured interviews (interview guide) and survey (questionnaire) |
| Marquez (2020, United States) [64] | Examining hospital staff perceptions of organizational safety one year after a workplace violence intervention | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (343 employees across 41 hospital units) | Intervention implementation and survey (questionnaire) |
| Kelley (2014, United States) [65] | Implementation of a Rapid Response Team (RRT) approach in the emergency department to reduce incidents of violence and aggression toward healthcare staff and to improve overall workplace safety and security | Cross-sectional study (conducted in a social hospital with an emergency center handling over 90,000 patients annually) | Survey (questionnaire) |
| Christensen (2022, United States) [66] | Improvement of clinical safety in acute inpatient care settings through healthcare teams at a large academic medical center and the Emergency Behavioral Response Team (BERT) program | Quasi-experimental pre-post study involving 302 hospital staff members. Baseline group and final outcome included 43 nursing staff: 42 males in baseline group and 8 in pilot group; 255 females in baseline group and 34 in pilot group. Age range from under 20 to over 50 years. Conducted in two acute inpatient care units | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Okundolor (2021, United States) [67] | Development, implementation, and evaluation of a multifaceted approach to reduce physical assaults on staff | Quasi-experimental pre-post study involving 42 nursing staff and 230 patients | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Story (2020, United States) [68] | Evaluation of the impact of workplace violence prevention in hospitals and the effect of the Workplace Violence Prevention (WVP) training program on nurses’ perception and confidence regarding aggression and violence | Quasi-experimental pre-post study with 43 participants; 39 (91%) completed both pre- and post-test surveys, and 22 (51%) completed the full intervention. Participants were 77% females and 23% males, with a mean age of 39.8 years | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Mitchell (2020, Australia) [69] | Design, implementation, and evaluation of a group-based simulation training program for health professionals | Quasi-experimental pre-post study involving 182 health professionals | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Buterakos (2020, United States) [70] | Enhancing emergency nurses’ knowledge about the importance of reporting workplace violence and training on new assertive de-escalation techniques as well as self-protection methods |
Quasi-experimental pre-post study (Phase 1: 25 participants (18 nurses; 72% female, 28% male), mostly aged 31–40 years (40%) Phase 2: 34 participants (26 females, 8 males; 76.5% female; age not reported) |
Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Krull (2019, United States) [71] | Improving staff perceptions of knowledge, skills, abilities, confidence, and preparedness in managing violent patient behaviors through inter professional simulation training | Quasi-experimental pre-post study with 90 participants (67 females and 23 males), including 55% registered nurses; 74% female overall | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| de la Fuente (2019, United States) [72] | Determining the impact of behavior management training on nurses’ confidence in handling aggressive patients | Quasi-experimental pre-post study with 21 nurses initially surveyed (20 females, 95%), 29% aged 20–30 years and 29% aged 51–60 years; 17 completed the post-survey and 13 completed both pre- and post-surveys | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Sanchez (2018, United States) [73] | The objective of the active shooter program for the emergency department was to improve staff knowledge, confidence, and response to active shooter situations | Quasi-experimental pre-post study involving 204 emergency department staff | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Lamont (2018, Australia) [74] | Determining the effects of a workplace violence training program related to risk assessment and management strategies, de-escalation skills, separation techniques, and confidence levels in an acute hospital setting | Quasi-experimental pre-post study with 78 emergency nurses (56 females and 22 males), mean age 41.7 ± 10.9 years, 72% female and 28% male, with a mean experience of 16.6 ± 10.7 years | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Risor (2017, Denmark) [75] | Evaluation of an intervention involving patient handling equipment aimed at improving nursing staff’s use of patient transfer devices, enhancing overall health, reducing musculoskeletal problems, aggression episodes, absenteeism, and work-related incidents | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (181 staff in the intervention group and 113 staff in the control group; 93% female and 7% male in both groups. 43% were aged 25–34 years, 20% were 35–44 years, and 19% were 45–54 years old) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Adams (2017, Australia) [76] | Evaluation of the effectiveness of clinical training to identify patients at high risk of violence and reduce the frequency of violent incidents | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (65 participants before intervention, 73 after; all over 30 years old) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Koller (2016, United States) [77] | Explaining the necessity of training emergency department nurses in violence prevention to identify and reduce violent incidents before they occur | Literature review | Literature review (data collection form) |
| Nikstaitis (2014, United States) [78] | Determining the effect of an educational intervention on awareness of violence and its incidence among nurses in the adult intensive care unit | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (Before the intervention: 26 participants [4 men and 22 women], 58% aged 30–39; After the intervention: 21 participants [3 men and 17 women, 1 missing], 52% aged 30–39) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Louden (2014, United States) [79] | Determining whether healthcare staff can improve their performance and minimize personal risk when confronted with an active shooter in a hospital emergency department through formal training and scenario-based education | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (32 emergency department staff: 3 medical students, 27 emergency medicine residents, 2 nurses) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Lanza (2009, United States) [80] | Confirmation of the effectiveness of a new nurse-supervised treatment, the comprehensive Violence Prevention Case Management (VPCM) session, for reducing patient violence in an acute inpatient psychiatric unit | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (nursing staff included 13 women and 8 men; all patients were male with a mean age of 42.6 years) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Needham (2005, Switzerland) [81] | Determining the effectiveness of an aggression management training program on nurses’ perception and attitude towards patient aggression | Randomized controlled clinical trial (58 nurses; intervention group: 30 participants [18 women and 12 men, mean age 36.47 years], control group: 28 participants [14 men and 14 women, mean age 39.21 years]) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Cowin (2003, Australia) [82] | Assessing nurses’ knowledge and the use of stress management, as well as providing a valuable resource for nursing education | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (19 mental health ward nurses and 30 emergency nurses) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Casteel (2009, United States) [83] | Determining changes in the incidents of violent events among hospital staff before and after the passage of the California Hospital Safety and Security Law in 1995 | Cohort (95, California hospital emergency departments and 46 hospitals in New Jersey (control)) | Passing the California hospital safety and security law |
| Kling (2011, Canada) [84] | Determining the effectiveness of a risk assessment tools, along with existing violence prevention training for nurses, on the risk of patient violence in a major acute care hospital in British Columbia, Canada | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (807 high-risk patients (n = 473), a large acute care hospital) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Hamblin (2017, United States) [85] | Describing the implementation of a data-driven and unit-based intervention to reduce workplace violence risk | Randomized controlled trial (supervisors and staff of 21 hospital units across seven hospitals) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Anderson (2006, United States) [86] | Evaluation of the effectiveness of a 3-hour online workplace violence education program by counting reports of violence among various healthcare staff in a small rural community hospital | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (43 nurses; 42.2% of the intervention group and 42.9% of the control group were aged 41–50. In the intervention group, 72.7% (16 individuals) were female, while in the control group, 95% (19 individuals) were female). | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Gillespie (2014, United States) [87] | Evaluation of the effectiveness of a comprehensive program to reduce the incidence of physical assaults and threats against emergency care providers by patients and visitors | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (209 emergency department healthcare personnel: 149 women (71.3%) and 60 men (28.7%); mean participant age was 37.3 years (SD = 10.5; range: 20–65 years); 56% were nurses; stratified sampling) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Arnetz (2017, United States) [88] | Evaluation of the impact of an intervention aimed at reducing hospital violence by prospectively tracking the incidence of patient-to-worker violence and related injuries | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (2,863 participants; intervention group: n = 1,612 and control group: n = 1,251. Staff in the intervention group were younger, with 54% under 40 years old compared to 48% in the control group) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Inoue (2011, Japan) [89] | Evaluation of the effectiveness of a group intervention approach aimed at improving the mental health of psychiatric nurses exposed to verbal violence | Randomized controlled trial (62 nurses: 30 in the intervention group and 32 in the control group) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Wong (2015, United States) [90] | Development of an inter professional curriculum focused on improving teamwork and staff attitudes toward patient violence using simulation-based training for emergency department personnel, and evaluation of attitudes toward patient aggression before and after curriculum implementation | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (106 emergency department staff; 41% were nurses, 58% were women (44 men and 62 women), and 34% were aged between 26 and 30 years) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Baby (2019, New Zealand) [91] | Determining the impact of an intervention (communication skills training) on reducing the experience of aggression among healthcare support staff | Randomized controlled trial (127 healthcare support staff from 14 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and District Health Boards (DHBs)) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Cahill (2008, United States) [92] | Evaluation of the effectiveness of the ACT–SMART training program through self-reported improvements by emergency nurses in managing aggression and workplace violence | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (65 participants; intervention group: 16% male and 84% female, mean age 38; control group: 9 female participants, mean age 41) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Touzet (2019, France) [93] | Evaluation of the impact of a comprehensive prevention program aimed at preventing rudeness and verbal violence against healthcare professionals in the ophthalmic emergency department of a university hospital | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (30 healthcare staff; 23% nurses, 23% residents) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Aladwan (2022, United States) [94] | Development of a “zero-tolerance” culture, an educational program, and a new reporting tool in an urban community hospital in Westchester to reduce the incidence of workplace violence among emergency nurses | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (emergency department staff) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Gillespie (2012, United States) [95] | Evaluation of learning outcomes following a four-module workplace violence management training program | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (315 emergency department staff; 47.9% were unlicensed assistive personnel; 220 participants were in the blended learning group and 95 in the web-based learning group) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Gillespie (2014, United States) [96] | Evaluation of learning outcomes from a blended (online and classroom) training program for workplace violence prevention, tailored to the needs of emergency services staff | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (120 staff members; 71.7% registered nurses, 86.7% female) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Deans (2004, Australia) [97] | Determining the effectiveness of a one-day training program for emergency nurses in preventing and managing workplace violence, and its impact on nurses’ knowledge, skills, and attitudes toward managing aggressive behavior | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (before the intervention: 30 participants: 24 women (80%) and 6 men (20%), aged 20–59; after the intervention: 22 participants: 20 women and 2 men, aged 20–59) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Lee (2020, South Korea) [98] | Development and evaluation of a violence prevention program for nursing students aimed at improving communication self-efficacy, problem-focused coping style, emotion-focused coping style, and the ability to cope with violence | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (45 nursing students, all female; mean age of the intervention group: 22.4 years, control group: 24 years) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Ferrara (2017, United States) [99] | Determining the effectiveness of de-escalation training using a ten-item evidence-based de-escalation practice tool | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (34 participants; 71% had less than five years of experience, and 50% were aged between 30 and 49) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Lamont (2012, Australia) [100] | Evaluation of “seclusion technique” training among neuroscience nursing staff as a measure to increase confidence and safety in managing aggression | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (22 participants: 5 men and 17 women; age range 21 to 55 years, mean age 33) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Kontio (2013, Finland) [101] | Determining the impact of an e-learning course on the professional competence of psychiatric nurses in the use of seclusion and restraint, as well as on their job satisfaction and general self-efficacy | Randomized controlled trial (158 participants; in the intervention group, 45% were men and 55% women; in the control group, 48% were men and 52% women. The mean age was 43 years in the intervention group and 45 years in the control group) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Grenyer (2004, Australia) [102] | Development and evaluation of a new aggression reduction program for public health service staff at risk of violence, aimed at helping employees achieve a safer workplace | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (63 participants: 48 healthcare staff members: 33 women and 15 men, mean age 39.15 years; 15 trainers: 9 men and 6 women, mean age 45.1 years) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Guay (2016, Canada) [103] | Determining the impact of the Omega training program on psychological well-being (including staff psychological distress, confidence in skills, and perceived exposure to violence) | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (89 participants: 40 women and 49 men; 56% were aged 46 years or older) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Hahn (2006, Switzerland) [104] | To determine the effect of a systematic aggression management training course on the attitudes of mental health nurses regarding the causes of patient aggression and its management | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (63 participants: 40 women and 23 men, mean age 36 years, age range 24–58 years) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Bowers (2015, United Kingdom) [105] | To determine the effectiveness of a complex intervention (Safewards) aimed at reducing the rates of conflict and containment in acute psychiatric wards | Randomized controlled trial (31 acute psychiatric wards; staff age group 40–49 years (33.7%), majority female (59.4%)) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Björkdahl (2012, Sweden) [106] | To determine the effect of the Bergen educational intervention on the prevention and management of violence by nurses in psychiatric wards |
Quasi-experimental pre-post study (85 staff members: 58% female, 42% male; 68% over the age of 40 156 patients: 49% female, 51% male; 62% over the age of 40) |
Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Geoffrion (2018, Canada) [107] | To evaluate the impact of the Omega program for managing aggressive behaviors on the use of seclusion and restraint | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (880 staff members) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Senz (2021, Australia) [108] | To evaluate the impact of a new approach for identifying and responding to occupational violence and aggression (OVA) on staff knowledge, perceptions, and confidence regarding OVA in the emergency department, as well as the number of OVA-related security incidents | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (Survey 1: 76 nurses, 83% female; Survey 2: 83 nurses, 81% female; age group 20–50 years, majority in the 20–30 range) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Cowling (2007, Australia) [109] | To evaluate staff experiences of violence and perceptions of safety in the emergency department after the introduction of a Behavioral Assessment Room (BAR), and to determine the satisfaction level of staff responsible for patient management using this method | Quasi-experimental pre-post study and cohort study (117 patients managed in the BAR: 76 men, 38 women; mean age 36.4 years; cohort: 80 emergency department staff) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Cailhol (2007, Switzerland) [110] | To determine the effect of a critical staff education intervention (SECI) on reducing violent behaviors in patients admitted to emergency departments after drug overdose suicide attempts | Quasi-experimental pre-post study and cohort study (478 patients: before intervention 254, after intervention 224; age and gender not reported) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Gillam (2014, United States) [111] | To determine the impact of a non-violent crisis intervention training on reducing violent incidents in the emergency department and educational investment | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (75, 246 emergency department visits with 111 emergency purple code events from November 2012 to October 2013) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Gillespie (2016, United States) [112] | To evaluate the effect of an intervention aimed at increasing the reporting of workplace aggression by patients and their companions | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (101 emergency staff before intervention and 49 after intervention, majority female, mean age approximately 35 years) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Kotora (2013, United States) [113] | To create a comprehensive educational experience to better prepare healthcare staff for an active shooter using didactic lectures and scenario-based methods | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (32 physicians and nurses) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Somani (2021, Canada) [114] | To identify and consider various interventions aimed at reducing the prevalence of workplace violence against nurses | Systematic review (26 studies) | Literature review (data extraction form) |
| Geoffrion (2022, Canada) [115] | To determine the effectiveness of educational interventions aimed at preventing and minimizing aggression by patients and their companions against healthcare workers | Systematic review (9 studies) | Literature review (data extraction form) |
| Heckemann (2015, Netherlands) [116] | A systematic review of evidence on the impact of aggression management training on nurses and nursing students working in general hospitals, with recommendations for further research | Systematic review (9 studies) | Literature review (data extraction form) |
| Anderson (2010, Australia) [117] | A review of interventions aimed at minimizing workplace violence against emergency department nurses | Systematic review (10 studies) | Literature review (data extraction form) |
| Swain (2014, New Zealand) [118] | To deliver a communication skills training package aimed at reducing experiences of aggression in the workplace for healthcare staff | Quasi-experimental pre-post study (56 healthcare staff: 46 women and 10 men, with a mean age range of 45–54 years) | Intervention and survey (questionnaire) |
| Martinez (2016, United States) [119] | A review of evidence-based interventions that can help nurses minimize the occurrence of workplace violence | Literature review | Literature review |
| Arbury (2017, United States) [120] | A review of 12 training programs using criteria developed from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines for workplace violence prevention for healthcare and social service workers | Literature review | Literature review |
| Wirth (2021, Germany) [14] | A review of methods for preventing violence by patients and their companions against emergency staff, aimed at reducing violent incidents and increasing emergency personnel’s knowledge, skills, or awareness related to such events | Systematic review (15 studies) | Literature review (data extraction form) |
| Ramacciati (2016, Italy) [121] | A narrative overview of current approaches to reducing workplace violence in emergency departments, with a special focus on evaluating the effectiveness of emergency response programs | Literature review (10 studies) | Literature review (data extraction form) |
| Spelten (2020, Australia) [122] | To determine the effectiveness of organizational interventions aimed at preventing and minimizing workplace aggression | Systematic review (7 studies) | Literature review (data extraction form) |
| Weiland (2017, Australia) [123] | Systematic review of the effectiveness of non-pharmacological strategies for managing acute behavioral disorders in emergency departments, including changes in environment, architecture, policy, and practice | Systematic review (8 studies) | Literature review (data collection form) |
| Kowalenko (2012, United States) [124] | A review of studies on violence prevention in emergency departments and practical measures to reduce it | Literature review (32 studies) | Literature review (data collection form) |
| Mundey (2023, Australia) [125] | Evaluation of non-pharmacological interventions to prevent violence by patients and companions against healthcare workers in hospital settings | Systematic review (12 studies) | Literature review (data collection form) |
| Recsky (2023, Canada) [126] | A review of published evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to reduce violence against hospital emergency department staff | Literature review (24 studies) | Literature review |
| Gillespie (2013, United States) [127] |
Development, implementation, and evaluation of a workplace violence prevention program Mixed methods |
Mixed methods (97 healthcare professionals, 66% nurses) | Survey (questionnaire), qualitative (expert panel) |
| Wassell (2009, United States) [128] | Determining the effectiveness of interventions for workplace violence prevention and proposing interventions to reduce it | Systematic review (100 studies) | Literature review (data collection form) |
| Wand (2006, Australia) [129] | Review of methods for reducing and managing aggression and violence in healthcare, especially in emergency departments | Literature review | Literature review |