Table 3.

Interventions for reducing violence against nurses in developed countries

Topic	Main Category	Subcategory	Themes
Strategies to Reduce Violence Against Nurses	Prevention Strategies (Before the Occurrence of Violence)	Individual Interventions of Patient and Companion	Separating high-risk patients from other patients
			Administering sedatives to high-risk patients
			Paying special attention to patients’ needs
			screening for history of substance and alcohol use
			Restricting companion movement
			Involving patients in treatment plans
			Reducing patients stress and frustration
		Individual Interventions of Staff	Recruiting skilled healthcare staff
			Training in communication and mindfulness
			Violence management
			Interdepartmental collaboration
			Stress and anger management
			Clinical assessment skills
			Psychological and behavioral training
			Promoting staff health
			Strengthening critical thinking
		Organizational Interventions	Improving patient comfort infrastructure
			Hospital-police collaboration
			Comprehensive violence attention
			Developing violence management protocols
			Visiting hours restriction
			Routine managerial rounds
			Staff support from leadership
			Violence risk assessment procedures
			Security implementations of (e.g., codes, ID systems)
			Reducing wait times
			Providing security infrastructure
			Assessment of patient violence risk
		Social Interventions	Enhancing healthcare access in the community
			Public education on healthcare use
			Raising public awareness on alcohol/substance abuse
			Promoting respect for healthcare staff
			Improving health literacy
		Political Interventions	Conducting action research
			Expanding insurance coverage
			Shifting toward preventive violence management
			Enacting violence management laws
	Interventions During Violent Incidents	Individual Interventions of Patient and Companion	Isolation of high-risk patients and companion
		Individual Interventions of Staff	-
		Organizational Interventions	Presence of police and security personnel
		Social Interventions	-
		Political Interventions	-
	Interventions After the Occurrence of Violence	Individual Interventions (Patient and Companion)	-
		Individual Interventions (Staff)	Reporting incidents of violence
		Organizational Interventions	Medical, psychological, and financial staff support
			Addressing violent incidents
		Social Interventions	-
		Political Interventions	Implementing evidence-based strategies
			Legal action against perpetrators