Table 10.

Comparative literature table.

Application area	ML method(s)	Metrics used	Best reported metrics	References
PVT collector cooling	ML + genetic optimization	R2, RMSE, MSE	R2 ≈ 0.99	11
Photo-thermal system	Integrated ML	R2, RMSE, MAE	R2 ≈ 0.99	12
Hybrid solar collector	XGB, ETR, ANN	R2, RMSE	R2 = 0.99	13
PVT + geothermal cooling	ML predictive	(Qualitative)	Experimental match	14
hPVT system	Gaussian process regression	R²	High R2	15
PCM + nanofluid solar panel	AI-assisted design/response surface	Physical variables (temperature, pressure drop); no standard ML metrics reported	Optimized thermal and flow performance	16
PV-T nanofluid collector	ANN	R2, MSE	R2=0.97–0.99	17
Heat pipe + nanofluid PV cooling	Hybrid ML	RMSE	RMSE = 3.95 W	18
Ternary nanofluid PV/T system	Experimental analysis	Energy&Exergy Efficiency	Thermal efficiency: 80–92%	43
Nanofluid PV panel cooling	ML (BR, RF, Ensemble) + CNN+LSTM	R2, RMSE	R2 = 0.96–0.98; RMSE = 0.28–0.53	This study