Table 3. Predicted ADME properties and drug-likeness parameters of the synthesized heterocycles derived from 2(3H)-furanone 1. Key pharmacokinetic descriptors, including molecular weight (MW), topological polar surface area (TPSA), and lipophilicity (iLOGP), along with gastrointestinal (GI) absorption, blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate prediction, and bioavailability score, were estimated using the SwissADME web tool. These parameters reflect the overall physicochemical balance and predicted oral bioavailability of the tested insecticidal candidates.

Compound	Molecular weight (g mol−1)	TPSA (Å2)	Log P (iLOGP)	GI absorption	BBB permeability	P-gp substrate	Bioavailability score
1	292.33	35.53	3.36	High	Yes	No	0.55
2	291.34	38.33	3.20	High	Yes	No	0.55
3	399.48	55.40	3.50	High	Yes	Yes	0.55
4	397.47	38.77	4.36	High	Yes	No	0.55
5	425.48	55.84	4.49	High	Yes	No	0.55
7	411.45	69.40	3.45	High	No	No	0.55
8	410.46	72.05	3.33	High	No	No	0.55
9	407.46	59.39	4.16	High	Yes	No	0.55
10	306.36	54.98	2.99	High	Yes	No	0.55
11	322.42	70.00	3.21	High	Yes	No	0.55
12	324.81	56.15	3.54	High	Yes	No	0.55
13	335.40	62.09	3.45	High	Yes	No	0.55
14	349.39	72.65	2.88	High	No	No	0.55