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. 2026 Mar 9;17:1692949. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1692949

Figure 2.

Forest plot graphic summarizing effect sizes for AI gamification on vocabulary learning, metacognitive strategies, and learning persistence in education. Overall effect size is 0.70 with a confidence interval of 0.58 to 0.82, favoring AI gamification.

Forest plot of effect sizes for AI-driven gamified learning interventions.