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. 2026 Mar 9;17:1692949. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1692949

Figure 3.

Five-panel figure summarizes effect sizes in educational technology studies. Panel A shows effect size increases with advanced AI personalization. Panel B displays highest effect with medium gamification density. Panel C compares collectivist and individualist cultures across age groups, showing higher effect sizes for collectivists. Panel D’s bar chart shows adaptive feedback yields the highest effect size compared to delayed or immediate. Panel E’s quadrant plot illustrates highest technology acceptance occurs with high teacher support, especially when paired with high tech acceptance.

Moderating effects of key design and contextual variables in AI-driven gamified learning environments. (A) Effect sizes by AI personalization level (basic, moderate, advanced). (B) Effect sizes by gamification design density (low, medium, high). (C) Cultural background × age interaction effects (collectivist vs. individualist learners across age groups). (D) Effect sizes by feedback mechanism (delayed, immediate, adaptive). (E) Interaction between technology acceptance and teacher support.