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. 2026 Mar 10;17:1758831. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1758831

Figure 2.

Panel (a) is a horizontal stacked bar chart labeled “Risk of Bias Graph” showing the percentage of low, unclear, and high risk in ten bias domains, with most domains rated as unclear or low risk and only one domain (D10) displaying high risk. Panel (b) is a summary heatmap labeled “Risk of Bias Summary” with bias domains on the x-axis and study names on the y-axis, where each cell is color-coded for low, unclear, or high risk, predominantly in green and yellow, with occasional red cells.

Risk of bias assessment for included studies. (a) Risk of bias graph. and (b) Risk of bias summary. The bias domains included are as follows: D1 refers to random sequence generation, D2 to baseline characteristics, D3 to allocation concealment, D4 to random animal housing, D5 to blinding of researchers, D6 to blinding of outcome assessors, D7 to random outcome assessment, D8 to incomplete outcome data, D9 to selective reporting, and D10 to other bias.