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. 2026 Mar 10;17:1758831. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1758831

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Copyright © 2026 Zhang, Lu, Yang, Shi, Zhao, He, Lu and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Forest plot summarizing the risk ratios and confidence intervals for multiple studies comparing experimental and control groups, including sample sizes, event counts, risk ratios, and weights, with overall pooled estimates using common and random effects models. — Effects of intranasal natural products on survival rate. Suffixes denote distinct experimental conditions within the same study: Theisen 2012a (4 LD₅₀) and 2012b (1 LD₅₀); Zhang 2019a (PR8) and 2019b (FM1); Joo 2022 (1)a (ESE), (1)b (PGG), and (1)c (GE); Yang 2023a (initiated at 24 h post-infection) and 2023b (initiated at 48 h post-infection); Kim 2015a (PR8) and 2015b (CA04).