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. 2026 Mar 10;17:1758831. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1758831

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Copyright © 2026 Zhang, Lu, Yang, Shi, Zhao, He, Lu and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Two-panel graphic showing meta-analysis funnel plots. Panel A, labeled Funnel plot, displays dots representing studies with standard error on the vertical axis and risk ratio on the horizontal axis within a symmetrical triangle. Panel B, labeled Trim-and-fill funnel plot, shows additional imputed studies as open circles, correcting asymmetry to assess potential publication bias. Both plots aid in visualizing study effect size distribution and bias. — Funnel plot for publication bias assessment of survival rate. (a) Funnel plot. and (b) Trim -and-fill funnel plot. The gray solid circles represent the 14 original studies included. The white hollow circles represent 7 potentially missing studies imputed by the trim-and-fill algorithm on the left side of the plot.