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. 2026 Mar 10;17:1758831. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1758831

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Copyright © 2026 Zhang, Lu, Yang, Shi, Zhao, He, Lu and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Infographic illustrating how natural products delivered intranasally in animal studies influence antiviral and anti-inflammatory pathways, depicting improved survival, reduced lung index, and viral titer, with specific signaling pathways and natural products mapped to antiviral processes and outcomes. — Mechanisms of intranasal natural products against influenza.