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. 2026 Mar 10;17:1758831. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1758831

Table 1.

Basic characteristics of the included studies.

Author,
year		 Species
(strain; age; weight)		 Modeling Method
(virus type, dose)		 Sample size
(T/M)		 Intervention Observation duration* Outcomes
T M Nature Administration Dose Duration
Hayashi
2007 (29)		 Mouse (ICR; 4 weeks old; ≈17 g) H1N1 PR8, 4LD50 25-30 25-30 Cinnamalde-hyde (CA) Intranasal inoculation 250 μg Once a day for 10 days 10 days 1. Survival rate
2. Body weight
25-30 Natural volatilization 50mg/cage (5mice/cage) The drug-containing solution was replaced once a day for 10 days
6 days 3. Viral titer
Serkedjieva 2008 (30) Mice
(ICR; 16–18 g)		 H3N2 A/Aichi/2/68,
5–10 LD50 		20
OR 3		 20 OR 3 Polyphenolic complex (PC) Aerosol 5.4 mg/ml (10 min) Three doses, at 24h, 48h, and 72h post-infection 6 days or 14days 1. Survival rate (20 mice, 14days)
2. Viral titer
(3 mice,6 days)
20
OR 3		 Four doses, at 0h, 24h, 48h, and 72h post-infection
Smee
2011 (20)		 Mice
(BALB/c;
18–20 g)		 H1N1 A/NWS/33, 4LD50 10 20 TheraMax Intranasal administration 50 μl Twice a day for 4 days 6 days 1. Survival rate
2. Viral titer
Theisen
2012 (21)		 Mice (BALB/c;
7 weeks old)		 H1N1 PR8, 4LD50 10 10 EPs® 7630 Aerosol nebulization 5 mg/ml
(10 min)		 Three times a day for 10 days and single dose 10 min pre-viral infection 14 days 1. Survival rate
2. Viral titer
3. Body weight
H1N1 PR8, 1LD50 10 10
Haasbach 2014 (34) Mice(C57BL/6; 6–8 weeks old) H1N1 RB1, 5LD50 4 4 Ladania067 Aerosol nebulization 300 mg/6 ml Twice a day for 5 days 10 days 1. Survival rate
2. Body weight
Kim 2015 (35) Mice (C57BL/6 (H-2b); 6 weeks) H1N1 PR8, 1LD50 10 10 Poly-gamma glutamate (γ-PGA) Intranasal administration 100 μg Single dose 14 days 1. Survival rate
2. Body weight
3 3 3, 5, 7 days 3. Viral titer
5 5 3 days 3. Inflammatory cytokines
H1N1 CA04, 1LD50 10 10 14 days 1. Survival rate
2. Body weight
3 3 3, 5, 7 days 3. Viral titer
5 5 3 days 3. Inflammatory cytokines
Liu
2017 (22)		 Mice (BALB/c; 20 ± 2g) HIN1 FM1, 0.1mL per mouse 6 6 Volatile oil of Ganlu Xiaodu micropill Intranasal instillation 0.04mL Once a day for 6 days 7 days 1. Inflammatory cytokines
Liu 2018(1) (23) Mice (BALB/c; 20 ± 2g) HIN1 FM1, 0.1mL per mouse 6 6 Volatile oil of Ganlu Xiaodu micropill Intranasal instillation 0.04mL Once a day for 2 days 3 days 1. Lung index
2. Inflammatory cytokines
6 Once a day for 6 days 7 days
6 Once a day for 9 days 10 days
Liu 2018(2) (24) Mice (BALB/c; 20 ± 2g) HIN1 FM1, 0.1mL per mouse 6 6 Volatile oil of Ganlu Xiaodu micropill Intranasal instillation 0.04mL Once a day for 2 days 3 days 1. Inflammatory cytokines
6 Once a day for 6 days 7 days
6 Once a day for 9 days 10 days
Kuroki 2018 (38) Mice (C57BL/6J; 8–10 weeks old) H1N1 PR8, 10³ PFU 8 8 Lentinus edodes mycelia extract (LEM) Intranasal administration 50μg Single dose 14 days 1. Survival rate
Liu 2019 (25) Mice (BALB/c; 20 ± 2g) HIN1 FM1,
0.1mL per mouse		 6 6 Volatile oil of Ganlu Xiaodu micropill Intranasal instillation 0.04mL Once a day for 2 days 3 days 1. Inflammatory cytokines
6 Once a day for 6 days 7 days
6 Once a day for 9 days 10 days
Yu 2019 (40) Mice (Kunming; 4 weeks; 14.0 ± 1.0 g) H1N1 PR8, 2LD50 10 10 Patchouli alcohol Intranasal inoculation 20 μg/day Once a day for 4 days 4 days 1. Viral titer
2. Inflammatory cytokines
10 40 μg/day
H1N1 PR8, 4LD50 10 20 μg/day Once a day for 7 days 14 days 3. Survival rate
10 40 μg/day
Zhang
2019 (31)		 ICR mice H1N1 PR8 20 20 Reduning Nebulized inhalation 0.09 mL/kg (20 min) Single dose 2 weeks 1. Survival rate
20 0.04 mL/kg (10 min)
20 0.02 mL/kg (5 min)
20 0.01 mL/kg (2.5 min)
H1N1 FM1 20 20 0.09 mL/kg (20 min) 1 week
20 0.04 mL/kg (10 min)
20 0.02 mL/kg (5 min)
20 0.01 mL/kg (2.5 min)
Mao 2021 (18) Mice
(BALB/c; 16–18 g)		 H1N1 A/FM/1/47, 35μL / / Luo Fu Shan Bai Cao Oil(LBO) Ultrasonic atomization 100 μg/mL 5 days / 1. Lung index
2. Inflammatory cytokines
/ / 400 μg/mL
Qiu 2021 (26) Mice (BALB/c; 5–6 weeks old; 15.20 ± 0.93g) H9N2 A/Chicken/Guangdong/1996, 2LD50 9 9 Shuanghuanglian Aerosol 300 mg/mL, 0.5 mL/min (60 min) Twice a day for 5 days 5 days 1. Viral titer
2. Inflammatory cytokines
3. Body weight
Sun 2021 (32) Mice (ICR; 13-15g) H1N1 PR8, 15LD50 10 10 Reduning Aerosol 0.23 g/kg (20 min) Once a day for 4 days 5 days 1. Viral titer
2. Lung index
3. Inflammatory cytokines
10 0.12 g/kg (10 min)
10 0.06 g/kg (5 min)
10 0.03 g/kg (2.5 min)
Joo 2022(1) (36) Mice (C57BL/6; 6 weeks) H1N1 A/Californ ia/07/2009 and H1N1 PR8, 10³ PFU 5 5 Elaeocarpus sylvestris Extract (ESE) Intranasal administration 0.5 mg/kg Three doses 14 days 1. Survival rate;
2. Body weight.
5 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (PGG)
5 Geraniin (GE)
Joo 2022(2) (37) Mice (C57BL/6; 6–7 weeks old) H1N1 A/California/07/2009, H1NI PR8 or H3N2 A/Aichi/2/68, 10³ PFU 5 5 Agrimonia pilosa and Galla rhois extracts (APRG64) Intranasal administration 0.5 mg/kg Three doses, at 10 min, 3 h, and 6 h post-infection 5 days 1. Viral titer
5 Apigenin 0.25 mg/kg
Yang 2022 (19) Mice (BALB/c; 6–8 weeks) H1N1 PR8, 3LD50 / / D-limonene Intranasal inoculation 10 mg/kg Once a day for 5 days 21 days 1. Survival rate
2. Viral titer
3. Body weight
30 mg/kg
/ / L-limonene 125 mg/kg
250 mg/kg
Yang 2023 (27) Mice (BALB/c; 6–8 weeks) H1N1 PR8, 5LD50 6 6 Ginsenosides rk1 (G-rk1) Intranasal administration 25 mg/kg Initiated at 24 h post-infection, Once a day for 6 days 14 days 1. Survival rate
6 Initiated at 48 h post-infection, Once a day for 6 days
6 Initiated at 72 h post-infection, Once a day for 6 days
Bao 2024 (33) Mice (ICR; 14 ± 1g) H1N1 FM1, 15LD50 10 10 BD-77 Nebulized inhalation 75g/L (20 min) Once a day for 4 days 5 days 1. Lung index
10 75g/L (25 min)
10 37.5g/L (20 min)
10 37.5g/L (25 min)
Mega 2024 (39) Mice (C57BL/6J; 6–8 weeks) H3N2 A virus X31,
10³ PFU		 6 6 Enriched seaweed extract (ESE) Intranasal administration 5 mg/kg Once a day for 5 days 5 days 1. Viral titer
Wang 2024 (28) Mice (BALB/c; 4 weeks old; 18–20 g). H1N1 FM1, 15LD50 6 6 Patchouli Nebulized inhalation Converted from clinical dosage: 0.6 g/kg (crude herb) at 0.05 mL daily Once a day for 5 days 5 days 1. Inflammatory cytokines
6 Atractylodes

*From virus infection.