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. 2026 Mar 10;17:1758831. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1758831

Table 2.

Effects of intranasal natural products on weight.

Author, year Modeling Method(Virus type, Dose) Intervention Lowest bodyweight point Last observation time point P
Nature Administration Dose T M T M
Days Body
weight
Days Body
weight
Days Body
weight
Days Body
weight
Hayashi 2007 (29) H1N1 PR8, 4LD50 Cinnamalde-hyde (CA) Intranasal inoculation 250 μg 7 114.6%#+ 10 83.2%# 10 116.8%#+ <0.05
Inhalation via natural volatilization 50 mg/cage (5 mice/cage) 10 110.1%#+
Theisen
2012 (21)
H1N1 PR8, 4LD50 EPs® 7630 Inhalation chamber connected to aerosol nebulizers 5 mg/ml (10 min) 8 78.7%# 7 75.8%# 14 93.1%# /
Haasbach 2014 (34) H1N1 RB1, 5LD50 Ladania067 Aerosol inhalation 300 mg/6 ml 6 75.1%# 7 69.7%# 10 77.8%# /
Kim
2015 (35)
H1N1 PR8, 1LD50 Poly-gamma glutamate (γ-PGA) Intranasal administration 100 μg 8 82.8%# 8 77.8%# 14 100.8%# 14 98.0%# /
H1N1 CA04, 1LD50 8 82.2%# 8 81.7%# 14 102.4%# 14 93.2%#
Qiu
2021 (26)
H9N2 A/Chicken/Guangdong/1996, 2LD50 Shuanghuanglian Aerosol inhalation 300 mg/mL, 0.5 mL/min (60 min) 5 90.9% 5 87.4% >0.05
Joo 2022(1) (36) H1N1 A/Californ ia/07/2009 and H1N1 PR8, 10³ pfu Elaeocarpus sylvestris Extract (ESE) Intranasal administration 0.5 mg/kg 8 79.2%# 8 72.8%# 14 97.2%# <0.05
1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-
β-D-glucose (PGG)
12 84.4%# 14 85.3%# <0.05
Geraniin (GE) 9 81.3%# 14 101.2%# <0.001
Yang 2022 (19) H1N1 PR8, 3LD50 D-limonene Intranasal inoculation 10 mg/kg 6 72.0%# 8 65.4%# 21 102.3%# /
30 mg/kg 6 74.8%# 21 101.6%#
L-limonene 125 mg/kg 8 73.7%# 8 69.8%# 21 110.1%# 21 107.6%#
250 mg/kg 8 78.5%# 21 108.9%#
Mega 2024 (39) H3N2 A virus X31,
10³ PFU
Enriched seaweed extract Intranasal administration 5 mg/kg 4 91.6% 4 91.3% 5 94.5% 5 92.7% >0.05

#Data sourced from Origin 2024.

+Data compared with the control group of this study on the same day.

△Same as the data measured at the lowest point.

/P was no mentioned.