Fig. 2. Paravaginal space. When the paravaginal space is correctly created, the posterior layer of the vesicouterine ligament is exposed outside the paravaginal space, with the branches of the pelvic nerve plexus that lead to the bladder inside the space. (A) The space immediately above the inferior vesical vein. The bottom of the paravaginal space should be created in this space. (B) The space between the inferior vesical vein and branches of the pelvic nerve plexus leading to the bladder. The bottom of the paravaginal space is created in this space, with the inferior vesical vein being sacrificed. (C) The space within the branches of the pelvic nerve plexus that leads to the bladder. The bottom of the paravaginal space is created in this space, with the pelvic nerve plexus being partially sacrificed.

CL, cardinal ligament; HGN, hypogastric nerve; PSN, pelvic splanchnic nerve.