Skip to main content
. 2026 Mar 11;14:1684020. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1684020

Table 4.

Comparison of time-updated PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations from diagnosis to last follow-up or death.

Summary statistics Total
(n = 4,514)
Survived
(n = 1,268)
Deceased
(n = 3,246)
p-value
Number of pollutant records* (PM2.5 and PM10) 19,732 6,860 12,872
Time-updated PM2.5 (μg/m3)
Mean (SD) 36.9 (8.0) 35.5 (7.0) 37.7 (8.4) <0.001
Median (IQR) 36.6 (32.5–39.5) 35.2 (31.0–38.7) 37.0 (33.1–40.4) <0.001
Time-updated PM10 (μg/m3)
Mean (SD) 51.4 (11.0) 49.5 (9.6) 52.4 (11.6) <0.001
Median (IQR) 50.9 (45.3–55.0) 49.0 (43.2–53.9) 51.7 (46.2–56.1) <0.001

*PM concentrations were modeled as annually updated averages from diagnosis until death or last follow-up. p-values were obtained from independent-sample t-tests or Mann–Whitney U tests where appropriate. Units: μg/m3 values are presented as the median (IQR) or the mean ± SD where appropriate.