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. 2026 Feb 18;16:9768. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-40581-9

Table 13.

Ablation study: impact of model components.

Model configuration Attention
mechanism
Batch norm Dropout Accuracy
(%)
Inline graphic Acc.
(%)
Base CNN Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic 93.80 –
+ Attention Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic 95.45 + 1.65
+ Attention + Enhanced BN Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic 96.12 + 2.32
Full Model (Ours) Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic 96.56 + 2.76
w/o Attention Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic 94.32 – 2.24
w/o Batch Norm Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic 92.18 – 4.38
w/o Dropout Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic 95.88 – 0.68