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. 2026 Mar 11;17:1774449. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1774449

Table 3.

Comparison of serum neurotrophins, VEGF, ACTH, and cortisol levels levels of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and unaffected comparison subjects according to ANCOVA.

Variables ADHD (n = 80) Controls (n = 81) ANCOVA
F P ηp²
Log-BDNF(pg/ml) 1.80±0.19 1.72±0.15 6.642 0.012 0.040
Log-GDNF (pg/ml) 1.79±0.17 1.70±0.17 11.576 0.001 0.069
Log-NT-3 (pg/ml) 2.97±0.15 2.96±0.15 0.130 0.719 0.001
Log-VEGF (pg/ml) 2.69±0.22 2.61±0.28 4.477 0.036 0.028
Log-ACTH (pg/ml) 1.30±0.25 1.16±0.25 11.449 0.001 0.068
Log-cortisol (pg/ml) 1.01±0.21 0.93±0.21 5.053 0.026 0.031

BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GDNF, glial-derived neurotrophic factor, NT-3, Neurotrophin-3; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone.