Table 2.
Excessive fatigue’s associations with adverse childhood experiences and personality among 741 Norwegian nurses participating in the survey of shift work, sleep and health, wave 14 (2023).
| Variables | No excessive fatigue (%) | Excessive fatigue (%) | Chi-square (df)* | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (n = 736) | 2.902(1) | 0.088 | ||
| Women (n = 651) | 57.9% | 42.1% | ||
| Men (n = 85) | 68.2% | 31.8% | ||
| Age (n = 740) | 1.541(3) | 0.673 | ||
| 30–39 (n = 198) | 58.1% | 41.9% | ||
| 40–49 (n = 338) | 57.7% | 42.3% | ||
| 50–59 (n = 151) | 62.3% | 37.7% | ||
| 60–75 (n = 53) | 64.2% | 35.8% | ||
| Marital status (n = 741) | 0.00(1) | 0.988 | ||
| Not married/partnered (n = 156) | 59.6% | 40.4% | ||
| Married or partnered (n = 585) | 59.1% | 40.9% | ||
| Children at home (n = 741) | 0.723(1) | 0.395 | ||
| No (n = 245) | 61.6% | 38.4% | ||
| Yes (n = 496) | 58.1% | 41.9% | ||
| Adverse childhood experiences1 | 14.339(2) | <0.001 | ||
| Number of adverse childhood experiences (n = 741) | ||||
| 0 (n = 176) | 63.6% | 36.4% | ||
| 1–2 (n = 405) | 62.5% | 37.5% | ||
| 3–4 (n = 160) | 46.3% | 53.8% | ||
| Dysfunctional family environment (n = 741) | 11.907 (2) | 0.003 | ||
| No (n = 201) | 63.7% | 36.3% | ||
| Moderate (n = 402) | 61.4% | 38.6% | ||
| High (n = 138) | 46.4% | 53.6% | ||
| Trusted adult (n = 741) | 11.677(2) | 0.003 | ||
| High (n = 588) | 61.7% | 38.3% | ||
| Moderate (n = 125) | 53.6% | 46.4% | ||
| No (n = 28) | 32.1% | 67.9% | ||
| Struggle with bad memories (n = 741) | 32.795(2) | <0.001 | ||
| No (n = 457) | 61.9% | 38.1% | ||
| Moderate (n = 221) | 63.3% | 36.7% | ||
| High (n = 63) | 25.4% | 74.6% | ||
| Perceived childhood as difficult (n = 741) | 23.746(2) | <0.001 | ||
| No (n = 600) | 63.0% | 37.0% | ||
| Moderate (n = 89) | 50.6% | 49.4% | ||
| Difficult (n = 52) | 30.8% | 69.2% | ||
| Personality | ||||
| Big Five traits2 | ||||
| Extroversion (n = 614) | 7.937(2) | 0.019 | ||
| Low (n = 162) | 56.8% | 43.2% | ||
| Average (n = 256) | 54.7% | 45.3% | ||
| High (n = 196) | 67.3% | 32.7% | ||
| Agreeableness (n = 614) | 7.254(2) | 0.27 | ||
| Low (n = 162) | 57.4% | 42.6% | ||
| Average (n = 244) | 65.6% | 34.4% | ||
| High (n = 208) | 53.4% | 46.6% | ||
| Conscientiousness (n = 614) | 9.831(2) | 0.007 | ||
| Low (n = 172) | 50.0% | 50.0% | ||
| Average (n = 180) | 66.1% | 33.9% | ||
| High (n = 262) | 60.7% | 39.3% | ||
| Neuroticism (n = 614) | 59.586(2) | <0.001 | ||
| Low (n = 209) | 77.0% | 23.0% | ||
| Average (n = 242) | 58.7% | 41.3% | ||
| High (n = 163) | 37.4% | 62.6% | ||
| Intellect/Imagination (n = 614) | 1.481(2) | 0.477 | ||
| Low (n = 195) | 62.6% | 37.4% | ||
| Average (n = 209) | 58.9% | 41.1% | ||
| High (n = 210) | 56.7% | 43.3% | ||
| Circadian preference (n = 741) | 14.074 (2) | <0.001 | ||
| MEQr3 3 categories (n = 736–741) | ||||
| Morning types (n = 189) | 68.8% | 31.2% | ||
| Intermediate types (n = 434) | 58.3% | 41.7% | ||
| Evening types (n = 118) | 47.5% | 52.5% | ||
| Flexibility4 (n = 670) | 13.284(3) | 0.004 | ||
| Within 25th percentile (n = 169) | 49.7% | 50.3% | ||
| >25th – 50th percentile (n = 186) | 64.0% | 36.0% | ||
| >50th – 75th percentile (n = 178) | 67.4% | 32.6% | ||
| >75th percentile (n = 137) | 56.9% | 43.1% | ||
| Languidity4 (n = 672) | 51.857(3) | <0.001 | ||
| Within 25th percentile (n = 176) | 73.9% | 26.1% | ||
| >25th – 50th percentile (n = 179) | 68.2% | 31.8% | ||
| >50th – 75th percentile (n = 202) | 52.5% | 47.5% | ||
| >75th percentile (n = 115) | 35.7% | 64.3% | ||
| Workaholism5 (n = 684) | 5.673 (1) | 0.017 | ||
| No (n = 657) | 61.8% | 38.2% | ||
| Yes (n = 27) | 37.0% | 63.0% | ||
*Pearson Chi-Square or Yates’ Correction for Continuity (for 2 × 2 tables) and degrees of freedom (df). Excessive fatigue measured in 2023 with Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire, dichotomized summed score ≥4 considered excessive fatigue. Values in bold are statistically significant p < 0.05.
Adverse childhood experiences measured (2023) using four questions used in the HUNT study, performed in Norway (Haugland et al., 2021).
Big Five personality traits assessed in 2022 using the Mini-International Personality Item Pool, range 4–20.
Horne and Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire-reduced scale measured in 2023. Higher sum scores refer to higher morningness, range 4–25. Categorized into three categories: morning-type (score = 18–25), neither-type (score = 12–17) and evening-type (score = 4–11).
The revised Circadian Type Inventory measured in 2016 with 11-items about daily sleep/work habits and preferences. Higher scores indicate possessing the trait to a higher degree, range 5–25 for flexibility and 6–30 for languidity. Participants were categorized into four sub-groups using quartile scores on the respective scales.
Workaholism was measured in 2017 with the Bergen Work Addiction Scale, a 7-item scale, range 7–35. Workaholism = scoring “often” or “always” on ≥4 items.