Table 4.
Age-Adjusted Incidence Rates per 100 patient-years±SE of Hypertension and Adult Cardiovascular Diseases by Sex
| Age-Adjusted Incidence Rate per 100 patient-years±SE | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COMBINED | MALES | FEMALES | |||||||||||
| Condition | FASD | Control | Rate Ratio (95% CI) |
P value | FASD | Control | Rate Ratio (95% CI) |
P value‡ |
FASD | Control | Rate Ratio (95% CI) |
P value‡ |
Interact. P value |
| N | 208 | 824 | 103 | 406 | 105 | 418 | |||||||
| Hypertension | 0.68±0.09 | 0.55±0.04 | 1.24 (0.91, 1.69) | 0.17 | 0.58±0.12 | 0.69±0.06 | 0.85 (0.53, 1.33) |
0.47 | 0.78±0.14 | 0.41±0.05 | 1.88 (1.23, 2.88) | 0.004 | 0.01 |
| Any cardiac condition * (excluding HTN) | 0.63±0.09 | 0.27±0.03 | 2.36 (1.67, 3.34) | <0.001 | 0.61±0.0.13 | 0.32±0.04 | 1.92 (1.19, 3.10) | 0.008 | 0.64±0.13 | 0.21±0.03 | 3.01 (1.82, 4.97) |
<0.001 | 0.20 |
| Conduction defect * | 0.19±0.05 | 0.04±0.01 | 4.30 (2.10, 8.79) | <0.001 | 0.20±0.07 | 0.04±0.02 | 4.93 (1.79, 13.61) | 0.002 | 0.17±0.07 | 0.05±0.02 | 3.75 (1.36, 10.33) | 0.01 | 0.71 |
| Cardiac arrhythmia * | 0.21±0.05 | 0.08±0.02 | 2.52 (1.38, 4.59) | 0.003 | 0.18±0.07 | 0.13±0.03 | 1.37 (0.59, 3.22) | 0.46 | 0.25±0.08 | 0.04±0.02 | 6.11 (2.33, 16.06) | <0.001 | 0.02 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.10±0.03 | 0.05±0.01 | 2.01 (0.87, 4.68) |
0.10 | 0.13±0.06 | 0.09±0.02 | 1.43 (0.52, 3.93) | 0.49 | 0.07±0.04 | 0.01±0.01 | 6.44 (1.08, 38.52) | 0.04 | 0.15 |
| Structural heart remodeling* | 0.28±0.06 | 0.13±0.02 | 2.20 (1.32, 3.68) | 0.003 | 0.33±0.09 | 0.19±0.03 | 1.75 (0.92, 3.34) | 0.09 | 0.22±0.07 | 0.06±0.02 | 3.50 (1.45, 8.45) | 0.005 | 0.21 |
| Left atrial enlargement * | 0.14±0.04 | 0.08±0.02 | 1.69 (0.84, 3.39) | 0.14 | 0.15±0.06 | 0.12±0.03 | 1.30 (0.52, 3.23) | 0.12±0.06 | 0.05±0.02 | 2.68 (0.88, 8.18) | 0.32 | ||
| Right atrial enlargement * | 0.04±0.02 | 0.01±0.01 | 3.22 (0.72, 14.40) | 0.13 | 0.05±0.04 | 0.02±0.01 | 2.88 (0.48, 17.23) | 0.02±0.02 | 0.01±0.01 | 4.28 (0.27, 68.43) | 0.81 | ||
| LV dilation/hypertrophy * | 0.20±0.05 | 0.08±0.02 | 2.46 (1.33, 4.54) | 0.004 | 0.26±0.08 | 0.13±0.03 | 1.96 (0.93, 4.14) | 0.15±0.06 | 0.03±0.01 | 4.28 (1.38, 13.27) | 0.26 | ||
| RV dilation/hypertrophy * | 0.09±0.03 | 0.03±0.01 | 3.34 (1.24, 8.97) | 0.02 | 0.13±0.06 | 0.05±0.02 | 2.69 (0.88, 8.24) | 0.05±0.03 | 0.01±0.01 | 8.56 (0.78, 94.41) | 0.39 | ||
| Heart Failure (HF)* | 0.15±0.04 | 0.04±0.01 | 3.44 (1.61, 7.35) | 0.001 | 0.13±0.05 | 0.07±0.02 | 1.80 (0.63, 5.11) | 0.27 | 0.17±0.07 | 0.02±0.01 | 9.99 (2.58, 38.62) | <0.001 | 0.05 |
| Systolic HF * | 0.11±0.04 | 0.03±0.10 | 3.52 (1.46, 8.49) | 0.005 | 0.15±0.06 | 0.02±0.04 | 2.35 (0.87, 6.37) | 0.09 | 0.07±0.04 | 0 | - | - | - |
| Diastolic HF* | 0.09±0.03 | 0.02±0.01 | 3.76 (1.36, 10.37) | 0.01 | 0.04±0.01 | 0.02±0.01 | 2.16 (0.40, 11.79) | 0.13±0.06 | 0.02±0.01 | 5.35 (1.44, 19.93) | 0.41 | ||
| Systolic or Diastolic Dysfunction* | 0.16±0.05 | 0.06±0.01 | 2.94 (1.45, 5.96) | 0.003 | 0.15±0.06 | 0.09±0.02 | 1.73 (0.67, 4.45) | 0.17±0.07 | 0.02±0.02 | 7.49 (2.19, 25.59) | 0.06 | ||
| Myocardial infarction | 0.15±0.04 | 0.04±0.01 | 4.33 (1.95, 9.65) | <0.001 | 0.18±0.07 | 0.07±0.02 | 2.54 (1.00, 6.45) | 0.12±0.06 | 0 | - | - | ||
| Stroke/Cerebral Vascular Accident | 0.08±0.03 | 0.02±0.01 | 4.36 (1.41, 13.51) | 0.01 | 0.05±0.04 | 0.02±0.01 | 2.16 (0.49, 11.80) | 0.10±0.05 | 0.01±0.01 | 8.79 (1.61, 47.97) | 0.25 | ||
| Ischemic *† | 0.04±0.02 | 0.02±0.01 | 2.19 (0.55, 8.76) | 0.27 | 0.03±0.004 | 0.02±01 | 1.08 (0.12, 9.66) |
0.05±0.04 | 0.01±0.01 | 4.45 (0.63, 31.56) | 0.35 | ||
| Hemorrhagic * | 0.01±0.01 | 0 | Non-est. | - | 0.03±0.03 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 | 1.00 | ||
| Thrombosis or embolism | 0.11±0.04 | 0.03±0.01 | 4.33 (1.72, 10.90) | 0.002 | 0.05±0.04 | 0.03±0.01 | 1.73 (0.34, 8.93) | 0.17±0.07 | 0.02±0.01 | 7.56 (2.21, 25.82) | 0.16 | ||
*
The incidence rates for these conditions may be underestimates. No age at onset was available for these conditions, so age at last available follow-up was used instead.
†
Reduced sample size due to missing data on type of stroke. n=103 (FASD male); 406 (CTRL male); 101 (FASD female); 418 (FASD female).
‡
P-values within sex strata are reported for measures with a significant Sex x Group interaction.
FASD=Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder; HTN=hypertension; LV=left ventricle; RV=right ventricle; HF=heart failure.