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. 2026 Feb 19;16:9868. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-40185-3

Table 3.

Loads acting on the flat car frame.

Forces Mode
1a 1b 1v 1g
Longitudinal force, N, kN 3500 2500 2500 2000
Longitudinal acceleration, au, m/s2
For scheme 1 37.5 26.8
For scheme 2 59.0 42.2
Longitudinal inertia force of the container, Ni, kN
For scheme 1 1313 938
For scheme 2 2125 1518
Container gravity, Q, kN
For scheme 1 784.5
For scheme 2 353.2
Vertical force from the longitudinal inertia force of the container, PZ, kN
For scheme 1 290.6 207.6
For scheme 2 256.7 183.4
Transverse forces in curves, PN, kN 200 58.5
Force in case of non-central interaction of automatic coupling devices, P, kN 175 138 125 111
Longitudinal inertia force of car bogies, Nbi, kN
For scheme 1 182 130
For scheme 2 286.3 204.5