Table 2.

Summary of polyphenolic (lignin and tannin) biomass coatings for antifouling applications

Biomass type	Formulation	Antifouling mechanism	Antifouling performance	References
Organosolv lignin	PEG-PU/lignin	Amphiphilic association	Total biomass determination (crystal violet staining and the MTT assay): Pseudoalteromonas atlantica: ~ 0.3	[162]
Sodium ligninsulfonate	MXene/METAC/lignin	Hydrophilic layer, contact-killing	Antibacterial rate (reduction of bacteria vs control):	[163]
			E. coli: > 90%,
			S. aureus: > 90%;
			Anti-microalgae:
			Porphyridium: 85.1%
			Dunaliella: 83.5%
Kraft lignin	Dual aminated lignin	Hydrophilic layer	BSA adsorption: 27.94 ± 1.47 μg cm−2	[164]
Tannic acid	MXene/PEIS/TA	Hydrophilic layer, contact-killing	Antibacterial rate:	[165]
			E. coli: 96.2%,
			S. aureus: 91%;
			Anti-microalgae:
			Porphyridium: 99.4%
			Dunaliella: 99.2%
Tannic acid	TA/ADH/GO/EPUR	Contact-killing	Antibacterial rate:	[166]
			E. coli: > 99%,
			S. aureus: > 99%,
			P. aeruginosa: > 99%;
Tannic acid	OVA/TA	Hydrophilic layer, contact-killing	Adhesion force of bacteria:	[167]
			E. coli: 122.86 nN
			(coated), 766.87 nN (uncoated),
			S. aureus: 225.93 nN
			(coated); 972.1 nN (uncoated)

Methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (METAC), Polyethyleneimine (PEI), Tannic acid (TA), Adipohydrazide (ADH), Graphene oxide (GO), Organosilane-modified epoxy (EPUR), Ovalbumin (OVA)