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. 2026 Mar 19;15(6):545. doi: 10.3390/cells15060545
AOC1 Amine Oxidase 1;
ATOX1 Antioxidant 1 Copper Chaperone;
ATP7A ATPase copper transporting alpha;
CCS Copper Chaperone for Superoxide Dismutase;
COMMD1 Copper Metabolism Domain Containing 1;
COX11 Cytochrome c Oxidase Copper Chaperone 11;
COX17 Cytochrome c Oxidase Copper Chaperone 17;
CP ceruloplasmin;
CRC Colorectal Cancer;
CTR1 Copper Transport protein 1;
CTR2 Copper Transport protein 2;
CXCL12 Chemokine C-X-C Motif Ligand 12;
CXCR4 Chemokine C-X-C Motif Receptor 4;
DMT1 Divalent Metal Transporter 1;
FPN1 Ferroportin 1;
GPX1 Glutathione Peroxidase 1;
DSF Disulfiram;
ECM Extracellular Matrix;
EMT epithelial–mesenchymal transition;
ER Endoplasmic Reticulum;
ES Elesclomol;
ETC-derived Electron Transport Chain-derived);
GSH Glutathione;
HEPH hephaestin;
HIF-1α Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α;
HMGB1 High Mobility Group Box 1;
INOS Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase;
LOXL4 Lysyl Oxidase Homolog 4;
MD Menkes Disease;
MTs Metallothioneins;
MCFs Multi-copper ferroxidases;
NF-κB Nuclear Factor Kappa-Light-Chain-Enhancer of Activated B Cells;
PAM Peptidylglycine α-Amidating Monooxygenase;
PAMPs Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns;
PD-L1 Programmed cell death ligand 1;
ROS Reactive Oxygen Species;
SCFAs Short-Chain Fatty Acids;
SCO1 Synthesis of Cytochrome C Oxidase 1;
SCO2 Synthesis of Cytochrome C Oxidase 2;
SLC11A2 Solute Carrier Family 11 Member 2;
SLC31A1 Solute Carrier Family 31 Member 1;
SLC31A2 Solute Carrier Family 31 Member 2;
SOD1 Cu/Zn-Superoxide Dismutase 1;
STEAP Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate;
STEAP4 Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate 4;
TCA Tricarboxylic Acid;
TGN Trans-Golgi Network;
TLR4 Toll-Like Receptor 4;
TPEN N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis-[2-pyridylmethyl]-ethylenediamine;
TTM Tetrathiomolybdate;
VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor;
XIAP X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein;
5-FU 5-Fluorouracil,
PTT photothermal therapy,
PDT photodynamic therapy.