| BCa | Bladder cancer |
| BCG | Bacillus Calmette-Guérin |
| DMSO | Dimethyl Sulfoxide |
| FBS | Fetal Bovine Serum |
| GALK1 | Galactokinase-1 |
| GEM | Gemcitabine |
| MIBC | Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer |
| mtROS | Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species |
| mtMP | Mitochondrial membrane potential |
| OCT | Optical Coherence Tomography |
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