Abbreviation	Definition
α-MSH	Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
AKT	Protein kinase B
ATM	Ataxia telangiectasia mutated
ATR	Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related
bFGF	Basic fibroblast growth factor
CDK1	Cyclin-dependent kinase 1
cAMP	Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CHK1	Checkpoint kinase 1
CHK2	Checkpoint kinase 2
CPD	Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer
DDR	DNA damage response
DMEM	Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
DPBS	Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline
EB	Embryoid body
EGF	Epidermal growth factor
FACS	Fluorescence-activated cell sorting
FBS	Fetal bovine serum
GADD45α	Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein alpha
GFP	Green fluorescent protein
GUSB	Beta-glucuronidase
γH2AX	Phosphorylated histone H2AX
HRP	Horseradish peroxidase
iPSC	Induced pluripotent stem cell
IRDS	Interferon-related DNA damage resistance signature
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MC1R	Melanocortin 1 receptor
MITF	Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor
MX2	Myxovirus resistance protein 2
NAMs	New Approach Methodologies
nbUVB	Narrowband ultraviolet B
NER	Nucleotide excision repair
NHM	Normal human melanocytes
OSKM	OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC
PARP	Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
PBS	Phosphate-buffered saline
PKA	Protein kinase A
PMA	Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
PMEL	Premelanosome protein
QC	Quality control
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
RPPA	Reverse phase protein array
RT-qPCR	Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
SCF	Stem cell factor
SSEA-4	Stage-specific embryonic antigen 4
STAT1	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
TG	Test guideline
TYR	Tyrosinase
UV	Ultraviolet
XAF1	XIAP-associated factor 1