| AP | acute pyelonephritis |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
| cUTI | complicated urinary tract infection |
| ESBL | extended-spectrum β-lactamase |
| FDA | U.S. Food and Drug Administration |
| IMP | imipenemase |
| KPC | K. pneumoniae carbapenemase |
| MDR | multidrug-resistant |
| MIC | minimum inhibitory concentration |
| NDM-1 | New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 |
| OXA-48 | Oxacillinase-48 |
| PBP | penicillin-binding protein |
| VIM | Verona integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamase |
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