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Variation of cell viability (V) with broadband energy density at four frequencies (♦, 20 kHz; ▴, 57 kHz; □, 76 kHz; and •, 93 kHz). Error bars show standard deviation on at least four repetitions. Broadband energy density was calculated using the equation Ebb = Pbb2t/ρc where Pbb is the amplitude of broadband noise (bar), ρ is water density (1000 kg/m3), c is speed of sound in water (1500 m/s), and t is application time.
