AI	artificial intelligence
BCG	Bacillus Calmette–Guérin
CagA	cytotoxin-associated gene A
CMC	Chemistry Manufacturing and Controls
COX-2	cyclooxygenase-2
CQAs	critical quality attributes
DDS	drug delivery systems
ECM	extracellular matrix
EGF	epidermal growth factor
EGFR	epidermal growth factor receptor
EMR	Eradicate-Modulate-Regenerate
EPS	extracellular polymeric substances
GRDDS	gastro-retentive drug delivery systems
GRT	gastric residence time
HDDT	high-dose dual therapy
HIF	hypoxia-inducible factor
HO-1	heme oxygenase-1
IFN-γ	interferon-γ
IL-10	interleukin-10
MHC	major histocompatibility complex
MIC	minimum inhibitory concentration
miRNAs	microRNAs
MOFs	metal–organic frameworks
MSNs	mesoporous silica nanoparticles
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa B
NLCs	nanostructured lipid carriers
Nrf2	nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
PHD	prolyl hydroxylase domain
PDT	photodynamic therapy
PPIs	proton pump inhibitors
PTT	photothermal therapy
QbD	quality by design
RCTs	randomized controlled trials
ROS	reactive oxygen species
RNS	reactive nitrogen species
RR	risk ratio
RWE	real-world evidence
SCFAs	short-chain fatty acids
SOD	superoxide dismutase
TFFs	trefoil factor family
TFF2	trefoil factor 2
TGF-β	transforming growth factor-β
TJs	tight junctions
TLRs	toll-like receptors
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
Tregs	regulatory T cells
Th1	T helper 1
Th17	T helper 17
TSG-6	tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6
VacA	vacuolating cytotoxin A.