T2DM	particularly type 2 diabetes
HSHF	high-sugar/high-fat
IR	insulin resistance
SCFAs	short-chain fatty acids
GRPs	Glehniae Radix polysaccharides
BCA	bicinchoninic acid
SEC-MALS	Multi-Angle Laser Light Scattering
PMP	1-Phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone
Man	D-Mannose
GlcN	D-Glucosamine
Rha	L-Rhamnose
GlcA	D-Glucuronic acid
GalA	D-Galacturonic acid
GalN	D-Galactosamine
Glc	D-Glucose
Gal	D-Galactose
Xyl	D-Xylose
Ara	L-Arabinose
Fuc	L-Fucose
FT-IR	Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
HPLC	High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
db/db	B6.BKS(D)-Leprdb/J
SPF	Specific Pathogen-Free
FBG	fasting blood glucose
ITT	An insulin tolerance test
AUC	area under the curve
TG	triglyceride
TC	total cholesterol
HDL-c	high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
LDL-c	low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
PCR	Polymerase Chain Reaction
RT-qPCR	Quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction
CEBP-α	CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein α
SREBP-1c	Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein 1c
ACC1	Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase 1
FAS	Fatty Acid Synthase
PPAR-α	proliferator-activated receptor-α
PPAR-γ	proliferator-activated receptor-γ
AOD	average optical density
ZO-1	Zonula Occludens-1
GAPDH	Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
OTUs	Operational Taxonomic Units