3D	Three-dimensional
Ab	Antibody
AEs	Adverse events
AFM	Atomic force microscopy
Ag	Silver
AgNPs	Silver nanoparticles
AI	Artificial intelligence
Au	Gold
AUC0–t	Area under the curve from time zero to the last measurable concentration (at time t)
AuNPs	Gold nanoparticles
AWF	Apoplast washing fluid
BBB	Blood–brain barrier
Cas	CRISPR-associated protein
Cmax	Maximum concentration
CMC	Chemistry, manufacturing, and controls
CNS	Central nervous system
CQAs	Critical quality attributes
cRGD	Cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartate
CRISPR	Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
dcTFF	Double-cyclic tangential flow filtration
DGUC	Density gradient ultracentrifugation
DL	Deep learning
DLS	Dynamic light scattering
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid
DOX	Doxorubicin
DUC	Differential ultracentrifugation
EDC	1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
EGCG	Epigallocatechin-3-gallate
ELISA	Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EMA	European Medicines Agency
EPR	Enhanced permeability and retention
EVs	Extracellular vesicles
FDA	Food and Drug Administration
Fe3O4	Magnetite
FTIR	Fourier-transform infrared
GC–MS	Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
GI	Gastrointestinal
GIPCs	Glycosyl-inositol-phospho-ceramides
GLP	Good Laboratory Practice
GMO	Genetically modified organism
GMP	Good Manufacturing Practices
GO	Graphene oxide
GRAS	Generally recognized as safe
GTPases	Guanosine triphosphatases
HNTs	Halloysite nanotubes
IA	Immunoaffinity
IBD	Inflammatory bowel disease
IC50	Half maximal inhibitory concentration
IFN-γ	Interferon-gamma
IL-6	Interleukin-6
IP	Intellectual property
ISEV	International Society for Extracellular Vesicles
LC–MS/MS	Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
LCA	Life cycle assessment
LDH	Lactate dehydrogenase
lncRNAs	Long non-coding ribonucleic acids
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
miRNAs	Micro-ribonucleic acids
MISEV	Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles
ML	Machine learning
MRI	Magnetic resonance imaging
mRNA	Messenger ribonucleic acid
MSNPs	Mesoporous silica nanoparticles
MTT	3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
NAFLD	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NCT	National Clinical Trial (number)
NF-κB	Nuclear factor-kappaB
NHS	N-hydroxysuccinimide
NLCs	Nanostructured lipid carriers
NMR	Nuclear magnetic resonance
NPs	Nanoparticles
Nrf2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
NTA	Nanoparticle tracking analysis
PBNPs	Plant-based nanoparticles
PA	Phosphatidic acid
PC	Phosphatidylcholine
PCT	Patent Cooperation Treaty
PD	Pharmacodynamic
PDEVs	Plant-derived extracellular vesicles
PDI	Polydispersity index
PDT	Photodynamic therapy
PE	Phosphatidylethanolamine
PEG	Polyethylene glycol
PELNPs	Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles
PI	Phosphatidylinositol
PI3K/Akt	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B
PK	Pharmacokinetic
PLGA	Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
PMDA	Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency
PS	Phosphatidylserine
RECIST	Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors
RNA	Ribonucleic acid
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
RuBisCO	Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
SANS	Small-angle neutron scattering
SAXS	Small-angle X-ray scattering
SEC	Size-exclusion chromatography
SEM	Scanning electron microscopy
siRNA	Small interfering ribonucleic acid
SLNPs	Solid lipid nanoparticles
t1/2	Half-life
TEM	Transmission electron microscopy
TET8	Tetraspanin 8
TFF	Tangential flow filtration
TIBs	Temporary immersion bioreactors
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
TRPS	Tunable resistive pulse sensing
UAE	Ultrasound-assisted extraction
UF	Ultrafiltration
UV	Ultraviolet
WH	Wound healing
ZnO	Zinc oxide