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Classical experiments describing flash-induced charge accumulation at the donor (A and B) and acceptor (C and D) sides of Photosystem II. (A and B) Flash-induced oxygen evolution in spinach chloroplasts measured by Joliot et al. (1971) and by Kok et al. (1970), respectively. (C and D) Flash-induced binary oscillations of fluorescence measured by Velthuys and Amesz (1974) and by Bowes and Crofts (1980), respectively.
