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. 2026 Mar 9;59(1):203–223. doi: 10.1007/s11077-026-09606-y

Table 2.

Examples of AI development and deployment with varying incentives for cooperation

Harm with cross-border effects, incentivizing cooperation Harms without cross-border effects, incentivizing no cooperation
AI development Development of foundation models that might pose existential risk Development of biased algorithms in public administration
AI deployment Climate impact of excessive energy use of AI systems Use of AI for excessive surveillance of public space