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. 2026 Mar 16;14:1786959. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1786959

Figure 2.

Table summarizing various studies in rows, with columns labeled D1 to D8, each cell containing a green plus, yellow question mark, or red minus symbol indicating positive, unclear, or negative assessments respectively across study criteria. Summary table chart showing risk of bias across thirty-nine studies for eight domains. Each row represents a study, and each column D1 through D8 represents a risk-of-bias domain. Green circles with plus signs indicate low risk, yellow circles with question marks indicate unclear risk, and red circles with minus signs indicate high risk. Most studies show low risk in all domains, though several entries have unclear or high risk, primarily in domains D2, D3, D4, D7, and D8. Horizontal stacked bar chart comparing risk of bias for studies labeled D1 to D8, with green for low risk, yellow for unclear risk, and red for high risk. D8 and D7 have the most high risk, while D6 to D1 mainly show low risk and small proportions of unclear risk. A color key at the bottom defines categories.

(A) Risk of bias assessment of the studies. D1 = random sequence generation, D2 = allocation concealment, D3 = blinding of participants and personnel, D4 = blinding of outcome assessment, D5 = incomplete outcome data, D6 = selective reporting, D7 = other bias, D8 = overall risk of bias. (B) Risk of bias assessment table of the studies. D1 = Random sequence generation, D2 = allocation concealment, D3 = blinding of participants and personnel, D4 = blinding of outcome assessment, D5 = incomplete outcome data, D6 = selective reporting, D7 = other bias, D8 = overall risk of bias. (C) Risk of bias (RoB) assessment graph of the studies. D1 = random sequence generation, D2 = allocation concealment, D3 = blinding of participants and personnel, D4 = blinding of outcome assessment, D5 = incomplete outcome data, D6 = selective reporting, D7 = other bias, D8 = overall risk of bias.