Table 1.

Variables and their operational definition as used in the study

Variable	Definition	Data source
Tuberculosis cases	Respondents who had been diagnosed with tuberculosis, in the year preceding the survey, by health workers through sputum examination, chest X-ray or both at all ages ≥ 1 year [35, 41]	Indonesian Health Survey 2023 https://www.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/data-mikro-ski/
Diabetes mellitus cases	Respondents diagnosed with diabetes mellitus by health workers in the population age group ≥ 18 years [35, 39]	Indonesian Health Survey 2023 https://www.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/data-mikro-ski/
Population density	Total population divided by the size of the area [42, 43]	E-database Ministry of Home Affairs Indonesia https://e-database.kemendagri.go.id/
Poor population	The number of people below the poverty line divided by the total population at the same period expressed in per cent [20]	Statistics Indonesia https://www.bps.go.id
Ratio of hospital	The ratio of the population to the number of hospitals in each district [44]	E-database Ministry of Health https://sirs.kemkes.go.id/
Ratio of primary health care	The ratio of the population to the number of primary health cares in each district [44]	E-database Ministry of Health https://www.kemkes.go.id/