Table 1.

Dimensions of the infant behavior questionnaire (IBQ-R; Gartstein and Rothbart, 2003).

Dimension	Description
Approach	Rapid approach, excitement, and positive anticipation of pleasurable activities.
Vocal reactivity	Amount of vocalization exhibited by the baby in daily activities.
High intensity pleasure	Pleasure or enjoyment related to high stimulus intensity, rate, complexity, novelty, and incongruity.
Smiling and laughter	Smiling or laughter during general caretaking and play.
Activity level	Gross motor activity, including movement of arms and legs, squirming and locomotor activity.
Perceptual Sensitivity	Detection of slight, low intensity stimuli from the external environment.
Sadness	Lowered mood and activity related to personal suffering, physical state, object loss, or inability to perform a desired action; general low mood.
Distress to limitations	Fussing, crying or showing distress while (a) in a confining place or position; (b) in caretaking activities; (c) unable to perform a desired action.
Fear	Startle or distress to sudden changes in stimulation, novel physical objects or social stimuli; inhibited approach to novelty.
Falling reactivity	Rate of recovery from peak distress, excitement, or general arousal; ease of falling asleep.
Low intensity pleasure	Amount of pleasure or enjoyment related to low stimulus intensity, rate, complexity, novelty and incongruity.
Cuddliness	Expression of enjoyment and molding of the body to being held by a caregiver.
Duration of orienting	Attention to and/or interaction with a single object for extended periods of time.
Soothability	Reduction of fussing, crying, or distress when soothing techniques are used by the caregiver.