Table 1.

Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) risk of bias assessment for included cohort studies.

First author, year	Representativeness of exposed cohort	Selection of non-exposed cohort	Ascertainment of exposure	Outcome not present at start	Comparability of cohorts	Assessment of outcome	Follow-up duration adequate	Completeness of follow-up	Overall risk of bias (NOS-based)
Shi, 2022	Low risk	Some concerns	Low risk	Low risk	Some concerns	Low risk	Low risk	Some concerns	Some concerns
Molina et al., 2024	Low risk	Some concerns	Low risk	Low risk	Some concerns	Low risk	Low risk	Some concerns	Some concerns