Table 2.
Measurement.
| Constructs | Items | References |
|---|---|---|
| Visual Realism (VR) | VR 1:I find the garments presented through VTO be highly vivid. | (McLean and Wilson, 2019) |
| VR 2:The texture and color of the virtual garments closely resemble those of real clothing. | (Gao and Liang, 2025) | |
| VR 3:The virtual model’s body features and overall proportions closely resemble my own. | ||
| VR 4:The virtual model’s body features and overall proportions closely resemble my own. | (Kang et al. 2020) | |
| Personalized Recommendation (PR) | PR 1:The clothing recommended by the system aligns well with my style preferences. | (Yin et al. 2025) |
| PR 2:The VTO system accurately identifies my body shape and size. | (Gao and Liang, 2025) | |
| PR 3:The system’s recommendations feel “just right” for me. | ||
| PR 4:I feel that the system understands my personalized needs. | (Yin et al. 2025) | |
| Self-congruity(SC) | SC 1:The virtual avatar closely resembles my real-world appearance. | (Bowden et al., 2025) |
| SC 2:I believe the virtual model accurately reflects my style and temperament. | (Mollel and Chen, 2025) | |
| SC 3:The virtual image effectively expresses my self-identity. | (Bowden et al., 2025) | |
| SC 4:The VTO effect is consistent with my real-life dressing experience. | ||
| Ease of use (EOU) | EOU 1:The VTO system is very easy to operate and understand. | (Zhang and Wang, 2023) |
| EOU 2:I can easily learn how to use the VTO feature. | (McLean and Wilson, 2019) | |
| EOU 3:The entire try-on process is efficient and effortless. | (Gao and Liang, 2025) | |
| EOU 4:Using the VTO technology makes me feel convenient and pleasant. | (Zhao et al. 2022) | |
| Feedback Transparency (FT) | FT 1:The system clearly presents the basis for generating VTO results. | (Cheng, 2026) |
| FT 2:I can understand the reasons behind the system’s recommendations. | (Gao and Liang, 2025) | |
| FT 3:The feedback provided by the system increases my trust in the try-on results. | (Pillarisetty and Mishra, 2021) | |
| FT 4:The system’s information presentation makes me feel that it is transparent and reliable. | (Kumar and Hajari, 2024) | |
| Social Interactivity (SI) | SI 1:I can easily share the VTO results with my friends. | (Gao and Liang, 2025) |
| SI 2:The VTO experience makes me want to interact and communicate with others. | (McLean and Wilson, 2019) | |
| SI 3:I enjoy showcasing my VTO experiences on social media. | (Tandon, 2023) | |
| SI 4:Sharing my try-on experience with others increases my desire to purchase the clothing. | (Gao and Liang, 2025) | |
| Attitude(AT) | AT 1:I believe that rational purchasing and waste reduction are positive behaviors. | (Tandon, 2023) |
| AT 2:I hold a favorable attitude toward reducing product returns through VTO. | (Angelbratt, 2025) | |
| AT 3:Using VTO contributes to a more sustainable way of shopping. | ||
| AT 4:I enjoy engaging in environmentally friendly consumption through technological means. | (Sohaib et al. 2025) | |
| Perceived Behavioral Control(PBC) | PBC 1:I believe I am capable of making sustainable shopping decisions. | (Sharma and Paço, 2025) |
| PBC 2:Using VTO makes me feel that green consumption is easier to achieve. | (Surbakti et al., 2025) | |
| PBC 3:I can easily determine whether the clothing fits me through VTO. | (Gao and Liang, 2025) | |
| PBC 4:I am confident in choosing products that are both fashionable and environmentally friendly. | (Wu and Lee, 2025) | |
| Subjective Norm (SN) | SN 1:People around me believe that environmentally friendly consumption is commendable. | (Surbakti et al., 2025) |
| SN 2:My friends and family encourage me to shop rationally and sustainably. | ||
| SN 3:I care about others’ opinions regarding my green consumption behavior. | (Wu and Lee, 2025) | |
| SN 4:When I use the VTO function, I hope others will approve of this behavior. | ||
| Green Purchase Intention(GPI) | GPI 1:I am willing to purchase products that help reduce waste in the future. | (Surbakti et al., 2025) |
| GPI 2:I plan to prioritize green and sustainable brands or products when shopping. | ||
| GPI 3:I actively seek information about a product’s environmental attributes or sustainable production to support my purchase decisions. | (Wu and Lee, 2025) | |
| Environmental Awareness(EA) | EA 1:I am aware that my personal shopping behavior has a direct impact on the environment. | (Surbakti et al., 2025) |
| EA 2:I believe consumers have a responsibility to reduce environmental pollution through their purchase decisions. | (Wu and Lee, 2025) | |
| EA 3:I pay attention to companies’ and brands’ actual practices regarding environmental protection and sustainability. |