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Phase-contrast image of a bacterial carpet. (A) These bacteria lay flat on the surface in groups that were aligned. (B) These bacteria were attached to the surface end-on. (C and D) A fluorescently labeled bacterium among unlabeled bacteria in a carpet. The flagellar filaments oriented with the flow in (C) and bundled in (D). The flow field was ∼10 μm/s (measured 10 μm above the carpet surface).
