Table 2.

Linear mixed-effects model results for pupil size by choice type.

Predictor	Coefficient β	Std. Error	CI 95%	p value
Exploration (lower-value option)
Horizon	−3.07	3.38	[−9.69, 3.56]	0.364
Value gap	0.56	0.93	[−1.25, 2.38]	0.542
Info gap	−4.40	16.90	[−37.56, 28.75]	0.794
Exploitation (higher-value option)
Horizon	−5.63	2.51	[−10.56, −0.71]	0.025*
Value gap	−1.58	0.68	[−2.92, −0.24]	0.021*
Info gap	8.31	12.56	[−16.33, 32.94]	0.509

Linear mixed-effects models predicting mean pupil size during the decision period, conducted separately for exploration (choosing the lower-value option) and exploitation (choosing the higher-value option). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are shown. Models included random intercepts for participants.