Table 2.
Risk of bias assessment using modified Hoy tool (n = 52 Studies)*
| Domain | Low Risk n (%) | Moderate Risk n (%) | High Risk n (%) | Unclear/NA n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EXTERNAL VALIDITY | ||||
| 1. Representativeness of the sample | 34 (65.4) | 12 (23.1) | 6 (11.5) | 0 (0) |
| 2. Sampling frame appropriateness | 30 (57.7) | 16 (30.8) | 6 (11.5) | 0 (0) |
| 3. Random selection or census | 38 (73.1) | 10 (19.2) | 4 (7.7) | 0 (0) |
| 4. Non-response bias | 28 (53.8) | 17 (32.7) | 7 (13.5) | 0 (0) |
| INTERNAL VALIDITY | ||||
| 5. Data collection methods | 44 (84.6) | 6 (11.5) | 2 (3.8) | 0 (0) |
| 6. Case definition (availability/affordability) | 48 (92.3) | 3 (5.8) | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0) |
| 7. Instrument validity and reliability | 41 (78.8) | 8 (15.4) | 3 (5.8) | 0 (0) |
| 8. Mode consistency (data collection) | 43 (82.7) | 7 (13.5) | 2 (3.8) | 0 (0) |
| 9. Numerator/denominator appropriateness | 39 (75.0) | 9 (17.3) | 4 (7.7) | 0 (0) |
| 10. Statistical analysis appropriateness | 36 (69.2) | 12 (23.1) | 4 (7.7) | 0 (0) |
| OVERALL RISK OF BIAS ASSESSMENT | 24 (46.2) | 21 (40.4) | 7 (13.5) | 0 (0) |
Percentages may not sum to 100.0% due to rounding
•Table 2 Risk of bias assessment using modified Hoy tool
•Domain-specific and overall risk of bias assessments for the 52 included studies*
Risk of bias was assessed using a modified tool based on Hoy et al. [23]. Percentages may not sum to 100.0% due to rounding*