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Photoinduced proton-pumping through inside-out membrane vesicles derived from E. coli cells expressing ppR or mutants. Data were corrected by two factors (for details, see Results). •, the wild-type; ○, R72A; ▴, R72A/D193E; and ▵, R72A/D193N. The medium contained 400 mM NaCl at pH 6.5 without buffer.
