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. 2026 Apr 1;35(5):125. doi: 10.1007/s11136-026-04240-w

Table 4.

Direct and indirect effect with covariate of the alternative hypothesized model using specific quality of life domains (n = 241)

Path B SE Lower CI Upper CI β z p
Direct effects
IMP/ATT_T1 → Self-stigma_T2 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.13 2.29 0.022
Suicidality_T1 → Self-stigma_T2 0.14 0.19 − 0.23 0.50 0.05 0.73 0.466
Self-stigma_T1 → Self-stigma_T2 0.55 0.07 0.41 0.68 0.51 7.74 < 0.001
Self-stigma_T2 → Psychological distress_T3 5.54 0.56 4.43 6.64 0.46 9.81 < 0.001
Suicidality_T1 → Psychological distress_T3 8.34 2.72 3.00 13.68 0.28 3.06 0.002
IMP/ATT_T1 → Psychological distress_T3 0.10 0.04 0.02 0.19 0.10 2.31 0.021
Self-stigma_T2 → Phy_T3 − 1.26 0.20 − 1.66 − 0.87 − 0.36 − 6.31 < 0.001
Suicidality_T1 → Phy_T3 − 1.08 0.68 − 2.41 0.25 − 0.12 − 1.59 0.112
IMP/ATT_T1 → Phy_T3 − 0.03 0.01 − 0.06 − 0.01 − 0.11 − 2.39 0.017
Phy_T1 → Phy_T3 0.29 0.05 0.20 0.38 0.30 6.43 < 0.001
Self-stigma_T2 → Psy_T3 − 1.63 0.25 − 2.11 − 1.14 − 0.38 − 6.53 < 0.001
Suicidality_T1 → Psy_T3 − 1.24 0.78 − 2.76 0.28 − 0.11 − 1.60 0.109
IMP/ATT_T1 → Psy_T3 − 0.04 0.02 − 0.07 − 0.01 − 0.10 − 2.38 0.017
Psy_T1 → Psy_T3 0.28 0.05 0.19 0.37 0.27 5.99 < 0.001
Self-stigma_T2 → Soc_T3 − 1.08 0.21 − 1.49 − 0.66 − 0.27 − 5.07 < 0.001
Suicidality_T1 → Soc_T3 − 1.49 0.72 − 2.90 − 0.08 − 0.15 − 2.07 0.038
IMP/ATT_T1 → Soc_T3 − 0.04 0.02 − 0.07 − 0.00 − 0.11 − 1.99 0.046
Soc_T1 → Soc_T3 0.39 0.05 0.29 0.50 0.40 7.56 < 0.001
Self-stigma_T2 → Env_T3 − 0.87 0.20 − 1.27 − 0.48 − 0.25 − 4.31 < 0.001
Suicidality_T1 → Env_T3 − 1.18 0.59 − 2.35 − 0.02 − 0.14 − 1.99 0.046
IMP/ATT_T1 → Env_T3 − 0.06 0.01 − 0.09 − 0.03 − 0.20 − 4.06 < 0.001
Env_T1 → Env_T3 0.32 0.05 0.23 0.42 0.32 6.50 < 0.001
Indirect effects
IMP/ATT_T1 → Self-stigma_T2 → Psychological distress_T3 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.12 0.06 2.24 0.025
IMP/ATT_T1 → Self-stigma_T2 → Phy_T3 − 0.01 0.01 − 0.03 − 0.00 − 0.05 − 2.18 0.030
IMP/ATT_T1 → Self-stigma_T2 → Psy_T3 − 0.02 0.01 − 0.04 − 0.00 − 0.05 − 2.13 0.033
IMP/ATT_T1 → Self-stigma_T2 → Soc_T3 − 0.01 0.01 − 0.02 − 0.00 − 0.04 − 2.14 0.032
IMP/ATT_T1 → Self-stigma_T2 → Env_T3 − 0.01 0.01 − 0.02 − 0.00 − 0.03 − 1.99 0.046
Suicidality_T1 → Self-stigma_T2 → Psychological distress_T3 0.75 1.02 − 1.25 2.74 0.02 0.73 0.463
Suicidality_T1 → Self-stigma_T2 → Phy_T3 − 0.17 0.23 − 0.63 0.28 − 0.02 − 0.74 0.462
Suicidality_T1 → Self-stigma_T2 → Psy_T3 − 0.22 0.30 − 0.80 0.36 − 0.02 − 0.74 0.458
Suicidality_T1 → Self-stigma_T2 → Soc_T3 − 0.15 0.20 − 0.54 0.25 − 0.01 − 0.72 0.470
Suicidality_T1 → Self-stigma_T2 → Env_T3 − 0.12 0.16 − 0.43 0.20 − 0.01 − 0.73 0.464
Self-stigma_T1 → Self-stigma_T2 → Psychological distress_T3 3.02 0.55 1.94 4.10 0.24 5.47 < 0.001
Self-stigma_T1 → Self-stigma_T2 → Phy_T3 − 0.69 0.15 − 0.98 − 0.40 − 0.18 − 4.71 < 0.001
Self-stigma_T1 → Self-stigma_T2 → Psy_T3 − 0.89 0.18 − 1.25 − 0.52 − 0.19 − 4.80 < 0.001
Self-stigma_T1 → Self-stigma_T2 → Soc_T3 − 0.59 0.14 − 0.86 − 0.31 − 0.14 − 4.18 < 0.001
Self-stigma_T1 → Self-stigma_T2 → Env_T3 − 0.48 0.13 − 0.73 − 0.22 − 0.13 − 3.69 < 0.001
Covariates
Sex → Psychological distress_T3 − 0.76 0.87 − 2.46 0.95 − 0.04 − 0.87 0.385
Age → Psychological distress_T3 − 0.09 0.05 − 0.20 0.01 − 0.12 − 1.81 0.070
Marriage → Psychological distress_T3 0.29 0.27 − 0.24 0.81 0.06 1.07 0.286
Education → Psychological distress_T3 − 0.03 0.41 − 0.83 0.77 − 0.00 − 0.07 0.942
Sex → Phy_T3 0.09 0.27 − 0.43 0.61 0.02 0.34 0.737
Age → Phy_T3 − 0.00 0.02 − 0.04 0.03 − 0.02 − 0.25 0.800
Marriage → Phy_T3 0.04 0.08 − 0.12 0.20 0.03 0.46 0.644
Education → Phy_T3 − 0.07 0.13 − 0.32 0.17 − 0.03 − 0.56 0.573
Sex → Psy_T3 0.03 0.32 − 0.60 0.66 0.00 0.09 0.930
Age → Psy_T3 − 0.01 0.02 − 0.05 0.03 − 0.04 − 0.50 0.620
Marriage → Psy_T3 0.00 0.10 − 0.19 0.19 0.00 0.03 0.977
Education → Psy_T3 − 0.17 0.16 − 0.49 0.16 − 0.06 − 1.01 0.313
Sex → Soc_T3 − 0.19 0.28 − 0.74 0.36 − 0.03 − 0.68 0.493
Age → Soc_T3 0.00 0.02 − 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.16 0.870
Marriage → Soc_T3 − 0.13 0.08 − 0.29 0.04 − 0.09 − 1.53 0.126
Education → Soc_T3 − 0.37 0.12 − 0.61 − 0.12 − 0.15 − 2.96 0.003
Sex → Env_T3 0.10 0.27 − 0.44 0.63 0.02 0.36 0.716
Age → Env_T3 0.02 0.02 − 0.01 0.05 0.08 1.21 0.227
Marriage → Env_T3 0.02 0.07 − 0.12 0.16 0.02 0.29 0.773
Education → Env_T3 − 0.08 0.13 − 0.33 0.16 − 0.04 − 0.67 0.501

B beta estimate, SE standard error, β standardized beta estimate, CI confidence interval at 95%, Phy physical quality of life, Psy psychological quality of life, Soc social quality of life, Env environment quality of life, IMP/ATT inattention and impulsivity symptoms, Suicidality suicide risk, Psychological distress depression, anxiety, and stress, T1 timepoint 1, T2 timepoint 2, T3 timepoint 3

A positive direct effect (e.g., IMP/ATT_T1 → Self-stigma_T2) means that higher scores on the predictor are associated with higher scores on the outcome; a negative direct effect indicates an inverse association. An indirect effect (e.g., IMP/ATT_T1 → Self-stigma_T2 → QoL_T3) quantifies how much of the predictor’s effect on the outcome is transmitted via a mediator (for example, if predictor → mediator → outcome is significant, part of predictor’s impact on outcome works by changing the mediator)