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. 2026 Feb 21;16:11011. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-40069-6

Table 1.

Participant demographics.

Male Female
Adults 16 16
High-frequency user (> 90% of days)1 8 8
Live < = 5 min from shared facility 14 12
Age
 Adult 18–29 8 6
 Adult 30–49 5 9
 Adult 50+ 3 0
 Missing 0 1
Household toilet type2
 No facilities 3 0
 Toilet 9 5
 Emergency facility only 1 1
 Urination facility only 3 10
Education (number of years)
 None 4 6
 Some primary (1–5 years) 4 3
 Some secondary (6–11 years) 6 3
 Completed secondary (or more; 12 + years) 2 3
 Missing 0 1
Caste3
 Scheduled Tribe 10 8
 Other Backward Caste 4 4
 General / Other 0 3
 Unknown 3 1
Adolescents (< 18) 4 3
Live < = 5 min from facility 4 3
Household toilet type
 No facility 0 2
 Toilet 3 0
 Emergency facility only 0 0
 Urination facility only 1 1
Education (number of years)
 Some primary (1–5 years) 2 0
 Some secondary (6–11 years) 2 2
 Completed secondary (or more; 12 + years) 0 1
Caste3
 Scheduled Tribe 3 3
 Other Backwards Caste 1 0

1As categorized by tracking data, only collected for 32 adult respondents.

2 Category definitions: No facilities: No facility for urination or defecation in the household premise; Toilet: Toilet used for both uriination and defecation with no restriction on use; Emergency facility only: Toilet that can be used for urination and defecation but is only used in emergencies; Urination facility only: covered or private location for urination located on the household premise (e.g. a drain).

3 Categories follow Indian census categories.