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. 2026 Feb 25;16:11051. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-41109-x

Table 1.

Comparison of performance parameters for different methods at 5 dB SNR.

Performance Parameter SD using Chi-Square Method Gaussian Approx Method GA+Hybrid Modulation
BER 0.459968 0.30466 0.002234
SER 0.6342 0.3823 0.2452
Execution Time(in microsec) 536.18 280.45 185.70
No of Visiting Nodes 67 17 15