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. 2026 Mar 20;17:1750375. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2026.1750375

FIGURE 2.

Illustration showing pathways modulated by lidocaine in breast cancer cell lines, including gene demethylation, inhibition of calcium and magnesium channels, blockade of chemokine signaling, and effects on cell cycle, microRNA regulation, and ferroptosis, with arrows indicating promotion or inhibition.

Breast cancer cell lines exposed to lidocaine. Lidocaine inhibits the key cell cycle protein CDC 20, causing breast cancer cells to arrest at the G2/M phase (A). Lidocaine significantly increases the expression of specific miRNAs in breast cancer cells and is associated with suppressed cancer cell growth (B). Lidocaine induces DNA demethylation in breast cancer cell lines (C). Lidocaine inhibits the function of TRPM7 (D). Lidocaine downregulates the expression of TRPV6, reducing the rate of Ca2+ influx (E). Lidocaine suppresses CXCL12-induced CXCR4 signaling, impairing the fundamental signaling cascade of cytoskeletal remodeling (F). (Created with BioRender.com).