TABLE 1.
Summary of lidocaine’s mechanisms and effects in breast cancer cells.
| Cell line | Target | Key findings | Biological effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MDA-MB-231 | CDC 20 | Induces G2/M cell cycle arrest | Cell viability↓ | Das et al. (2023) |
| MCF 10A | CDC 20 | - | No effect | Das et al. (2023) |
| T47D | miRNA | miR-382-5p/SLC7A11 Axis | Ferroptosis↑ | Sun et al. (2021) |
| MCF-7 | miRNA | miR-495-3p/FGF9 axis | Proliferation, Migration and Invasion↓ | Lin et al. (2021) |
| BT-20 and MCF-7 | DNA | Time- and dose-dependent demethylation | Apoptosis↑ | Lirk et al. (2012), Lirk et al. (2014) |
| MCF-7,MDA-MB-231 | DNA (CpG) | Global demethylation of tumor suppressors | Apoptosis↑ | Li et al. (2014) |
| MDA-MB-231,AU565,T47D and MDA-MB-468 | TRPM7 | Inhibition of TRPM7 function | Viability & migration ↓ | Liu H et al. (2021) |
| MDA-MB-231 | TRPV6 | Downregulation of TRPV6 expression and reduced Ca2+ influx rate | Migration ↓ | Jiang et al. (2016) |
| MCF-7 | VDAC 1 | Downregulation of Bcl-2 and increased P53 expression | Apoptosis↑ | Long et al. (2022) |
| MDA-MB-231 | CXCR4 | Inhibition of CXCL12 signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling suppressed | Metastasis ↓ | D’Agostino et al. (2018) |
| MCF10A and MCF10A-Bcl2 | McTNs | Inhibition of microtentacle extension | Metastasis ↓ | Yoon et al. (2011) |
| 4T1 | Src pathway | Inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression | Metastasis ↓ | Wall T et al. (2019) |
| MDA - MB 231 and 4T1 | TAMs/TGF-β | Reprogramming M2-TAMs to M1-type | Recurrence ↓ | Seok Han et al. (2024) |
| MDA-MB231and 4T1 | Nnat,NGFs | Suppression of neurofiber formation | Metastasis ↓ | Li et al. (2021) |
| MDA-MB-231 | Autophagy | Induction of autophagolysosome formation | Growth↓; Apoptosis↑ | Chen et al. (2022) |
| BT-474 | Autophagy | No significant effect on autophagy | No effect | Chen et al. (2022) |
| MCF-7 and MCF-10A | Caspase | Activation of caspases 7, 8, 9; PARP cleavage | Apoptosis↑ | Chang et al. (2014) |
| MDA-MB-231 | Drug combination | PI3K/AKT/GSK3β | Growth ↓; Apoptosis↑ | Han et al. (2022) |
| MDA-MB-231 | Drug combination | Lidocaine pathway inhibition | Metastasis↓; Apoptosis↑ | Gao et al. (2018) |
| MCF-7 | Drug combination | Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane damage | Apoptosis↑ | Tabrizi and Chiniforoshan (2016) |