. 2026 Apr 2;13(1):49. doi: 10.1186/s40643-026-01014-7

Table 1.

Main properties of the studied biochar. Values are means ± standard deviation. ANOVA

	BDSP			BDSV			BDST
	400 °C	500 °C	600 °C	400 °C	500 °C	600 °C	400 °C	500 °C	600 °C
Moisture (%)	3.0 ± 0.1^b	3.3 ± 0.3^b	4.4 ± 0.4^a	3.9 ± 0.2^ab	3.0 ± 0.2^b	3.3 ± 0.2^b	3.9 ± 0.6^ab	3.0 ± 0.3^b	4.4 ± 0.4^a
Ash (%)	31.3 ± 0.6^c	35.5 ± 0.1^a	33.4 ± 0.1^b	31.8 ± 0.5^c	33.3 ± 0.2^b	33.6 ± 0.1^b	29.1 ± 0.5^d	30.1 ± 0.1^d	32.0 ± 0.5^c
VM (%)	26.3 ± 0.4^a	19.5 ± 0.2^d	21.7 ± 0.1^c	23.5 ± 0.8^b	16.9 ± 0.2^e	19.8 ± 0.8^d	20.0 ± 0.6^d	16.0 ± 0.3^e	20.7 ± 0.1^cd
FC (%)	39.4 ± 0.1^f	41.7 ± 0.4^d	40.6 ± 0.1^e	40.8 ± 0.1^de	46.8 ± 0.1^b	43.3 ± 0.5^c	47.0 ± 0.5^b	50.9 ± 0.4^a	42.9 ± 0.2c
C (%)	54.1 ± 0.2^fg	53.2 ± 0.3^g	54.0 ± 0.3^fg	54.7 ± 0.1^ef	57.0 ± 0.2^c	55.2 ± 0.4^de	59.0 ± 0.3^b	60.4 ± 0.4^a	55.7 ± 0.1^d
H (%)	2.5 ± 0.3^a	2.0 ± 0.1^ab	2.2 ± 0.2^ab	2.3 ± 0.3^ab	1.9 ± 0.2^ab	2.0 ± 0.1^ab	2.1 ± 0.3^ab	1.8 ± 0.1^b	2.1 ± 0.1^ab
O (%)	10.9 ± 0.3^a	7.4 ± 0.2^e	8.6 ± 0.1^c	9.6 ± 0.3^b	6.3 ± 0.4^f	7.6 ± 0.1^de	8.2 ± 0.4^cde	6.1 ± 0.4^f	8.3 ± 0.2^cd
Other elements (%) (*)	1.2 ± 0.1^a	1.6 ± 0.4^a	1.9 ± 0.1^a	1.6 ± 0.3^a	1.6 ± 0.4^a	1.6 ± 0.3^a	1.6 ± 0.1^a	1.5 ± 0.3^a	1.9 ± 0.2^a
H/C	0.55 ± 0.06^a	0.45 ± 0.01^abc	0.48 ± 0.05^abc	0.50 ± 0.07^ab	0.39 ± 0.03^bc	0.44 ± 0.02^abc	0.43 ± 0.07^abc	0.37 ± 0.03^c	0.45 ± 0.02^abc
O/C	0.15 ± 0.01^a	0.10 ± 0.01^d	0.12 ± 0.01^c	0.13 ± 0.01^b	0.08 ± 0.01^e	0.10 ± 0.01^d	0.10 ± 0.01^d	0.08 ± 0.01^e	0.11 ± 0.01^cd
Yield (%)	47.7 ± 2.2^ab	43.9 ± 2.1^b	42.1 ± 3.3^b	51.3 ± 2.5^a	47.3 ± 1.6^ab	45.3 ± 2.9^ab	48.6 ± 1.5^ab	44.4 ± 2.8^b	43.7 ± 1.6^b
OM (%)	68.6 ± 0.4^b	66.0 ± 0.1^e	67.1 ± 0.5^cd	68.0 ± 0.5^bc	64.9 ± 0.3^f	66.2 ± 0.1^de	71.6 ± 0.5^a	68.9 ± 0.1^b	67.6 ± 0.1^c
pH	9.9 ± 0.1^e	10.7 ± 0.1^bc	10.3 ± 0.1^d	10.3 ± 0.1^d	10.9 ± 0.1^a	10.3 ± 0.1^d	10.6 ± 0.1^c	10.7 ± 0.1^ab	9.3 ± 0.1^f
EC (µS cm⁻¹)	1176 ± 228^bc	1135 ± 132^bc	1204 ± 9^b	2140 ± 14^a	2360 ± 354^a	2250 ± 156^a	746 ± 70^c	916 ± 18^bc	839 ± 10^bc

Values followed by similar letters are not significantly different between treatments (Tukey test, p < 0.05). Letters (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) represent the significance levels among the means of the different groups or treatments. BDSP (biochar from swine); BDSV (biochar from cattle); BDST (biochar from dairy); VM (volatile matter); FC (fixed carbon); C (carbon content); H (hydrogen content); O (oxygen content); OM (organic matter); EC (electrical conductivity)

* Mainly N, S, and other minerals present in ashes