Table 3.
Mean values (± standard deviation) of physiological and productivity variables, chlorophyll content (SPAD), Fresh weight (g), Dry weight (g), and Moisture (%) in maize fodder grown under different biochar treatments
| Biochar | T (°C) | Dose | Chlorophyll (SPAD) | Fresh weight (g) | Dry weight (g) | Moisture (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BDSP | 400 | C1 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 21.5 ± 3.2 | 9.6 ± 1 | 62.1 ± 0.6 |
| C2 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 21.1 ± 1.2 | 9.3 ± 0.4 | 62.2 ± 2.5 | ||
| C3 | 3.0 ± 1.9 | 21.0 ± 0.5 | 9.6 ± 0.6 | 60.6 ± 1.8 | ||
| C4 | 3.1 ± 1.3 | 18.5 ± 0.2 | 9.9 ± 0.3 | 60.7 ± 2.6 | ||
| 500 | C1 | 2.8 ± 0.4 | 21.9 ± 3.4 | 9.8 ± 0.1 | 58.8 ± 0.8 | |
| C2 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 22.5 ± 2.5 | 9.7 ± 0.3 | 60.6 ± 0.5 | ||
| C3 | 2.8 ± 0.4 | 20.3 ± 1.4 | 9.2 ± 0.1 | 58.5 ± 2.4 | ||
| C4 | 3.6 ± 1.2 | 22.4 ± 2.2 | 9.8 ± 0.7 | 62.9 ± 1.4 | ||
| 600 | C1 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 21.8 ± 2.2 | 9.4 ± 0.5 | 61.4 ± 1.7 | |
| C2 | 3.3 ± 2.3 | 23.0 ± 1.8 | 9.9 ± 0.2 | 62.1 ± 1.6 | ||
| C3 | 3.0 ± 1.5 | 21.1 ± 1.6 | 9.6 ± 0.4 | 60.7 ± 1.9 | ||
| C4 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 19.5 ± 0.4 | 9.2 ± 0.5 | 61.7 ± 0.6 | ||
| BDSV | 400 | C1 | 6.5 ± 0.5 | 26.2 ± 1.9 | 10.5 ± 0.2 | 68.1 ± 2.5 |
| C2 | 6.2 ± 1.1 | 25.1 ± 0.3 | 10.4 ± 0.2 | 68.1 ± 1.9 | ||
| C3 | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 25.2 ± 2.3 | 10.7 ± 0.4 | 67.6 ± 3.2 | ||
| C4 | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 26.9 ± 1.2 | 10.7 ± 0.4 | 67.8 ± 1.4 | ||
| 500 | C1 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 23.7 ± 1.1 | 10.4 ± 0.4 | 68.9 ± 3.4 | |
| C2 | 6.1 ± 0.4 | 25.0 ± 2.4 | 10.4 ± 0.8 | 66.1 ± 0.8 | ||
| C3 | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 24.6 ± 1.7 | 10.4 ± 0.7 | 66.9 ± 1.6 | ||
| C4 | 5.1 ± 0.8 | 23.8 ± 2.7 | 10.2 ± 0.5 | 66.4 ± 1.6 | ||
| 600 | C1 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 24.5 ± 1.1 | 10.6 ± 0.4 | 68.6 ± 2.7 | |
| C2 | 5.4 ± 1.6 | 24.1 ± 3.1 | 10.2 ± 0.3 | 68.7 ± 3.2 | ||
| C3 | 6.5 ± 1.3 | 24.5 ± 1.4 | 9.9 ± 0.2 | 68.9 ± 2.1 | ||
| C4 | 6.4 ± 0.8 | 23.9 ± 1.4 | 10.5 ± 0.5 | 67.6 ± 1.2 | ||
| BDST | 400 | C1 | 10.0 ± 1.2 | 29.8 ± 1.0 | 11.2 ± 0.8 | 76.9 ± 3.5 |
| C2 | 9.8 ± 0.9 | 30.4 ± 0.9 | 11.8 ± 0.9 | 74.1 ± 2.6 | ||
| C3 | 9.5 ± 1.1 | 31.0 ± 1.6 | 11.2 ± 0.6 | 73.7 ± 1.9 | ||
| C4 | 10.0 ± 0.9 | 30.1 ± 1.2 | 11.0 ± 0.3 | 73.2 ± 3.1 | ||
| 500 | C1 | 9.4 ± 1.1 | 30.1 ± 1.4 | 11.6 ± 0.1 | 74.1 ± 2.2 | |
| C2 | 9.0 ± 0.3 | 28.0 ± 2.4 | 11.5 ± 0.3 | 75.5 ± 1.7 | ||
| C3 | 9.4 ± 0.4 | 31.4 ± 2.7 | 11.4 ± 0.2 | 73.3 ± 2.6 | ||
| C4 | 12.2 ± 0.4 | 35.0 ± 1.6 | 12.7 ± 0.5 | 79.7 ± 2.2 | ||
| 600 | C1 | 9.6 ± 0.6 | 28.9 ± 3.0 | 11.4 ± 0.4 | 74.4 ± 1.7 | |
| C2 | 9.4 ± 0.8 | 31.4 ± 2.0 | 11.9 ± 0.5 | 73.2 ± 2.5 | ||
| C3 | 8.3 ± 0.5 | 31.4 ± 1.9 | 11.4 ± 0.4 | 74.8 ± 1.3 | ||
| C4 | 8.3 ± 1.1 | 28.2 ± 1.2 | 10.9 ± 0.2 | 73.7 ± 0.5 |
Treatments varied by biochar type (BDSP, biochar from swine; BDSV, biochar from cattle; BDST, biochar from dairy); pyrolysis temperature (400, 500, and 600 °C), and biochar dose (C1: 0 g, C2: 1.25 g, C3: 2.5 g, C4: 6.25 g per container)