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. 2026 Apr 4;20(1):413. doi: 10.1007/s11701-026-03386-6

Table 1.

Basic characteristics

n Overall train_set test_set P-Value
852 596 256
Result, n (%) Continence 614 (72.1) 430 (72.1) 184 (71.9) 1
Incontinence 238 (27.9) 166 (27.9) 72 (28.1)
Age, mean (SD) 69.5 (7.1) 69.6 (7.0) 69.5 (7.1) 0.874
BMI, mean (SD) 23.8 (3.1) 23.7 (3.1) 23.9 (3.1) 0.478
Respiratory Disease, n (%) No 828 (97.2) 578 (97.0) 250 (97.7) 0.748
Yes 24 (2.8) 18 (3.0) 6 (2.3)
Diabetes, n (%) No 738 (86.6) 518 (86.9) 220 (85.9) 0.784
Yes 114 (13.4) 78 (13.1) 36 (14.1)
Previous Abdominal Surgery, n (%) No 701 (82.3) 489 (82.0) 212 (82.8) 0.865
Yes 151 (17.7) 107 (18.0) 44 (17.2)
Hypertension, n (%) No 461 (54.1) 329 (55.2) 132 (51.6) 0.367
Yes 391 (45.9) 267 (44.8) 124 (48.4)
Drink, n (%) No 760 (89.2) 526 (88.3) 234 (91.4) 0.216
Yes 92 (10.8) 70 (11.7) 22 (8.6)
Previous TURP, n (%) No 766 (89.9) 532 (89.3) 234 (91.4) 0.407
Yes 86 (10.1) 64 (10.7) 22 (8.6)
PSA, n (%) ≤20ng/ml 527 (61.9) 365 (61.2) 162 (63.3) 0.628
>20ng/ml 325 (38.1) 231 (38.8) 94 (36.7)
Preoperative Albumin, mean (SD) 43.3 (3.8) 43.3 (3.7) 43.2 (4.0) 0.589
Preoperative FBG, mean (SD) 5.9 (1.5) 5.9 (1.4) 6.0 (1.5) 0.749
Postoperative Albumin, mean (SD) 33.9 (3.0) 33.9 (2.9) 33.9 (3.1) 0.938
Postoperative FBG, mean (SD) 6.8 (2.8) 6.8 (2.7) 6.9 (3.0) 0.499
Prostate Volume, mean (SD) 38.6 (19.4) 38.1 (19.0) 39.8 (20.4) 0.278
MUL, mean (SD) 11.8 (1.3) 11.7 (1.3) 11.8 (1.3) 0.209
Operation Duration, mean (SD) 161.1 (52.1) 159.6 (52.5) 164.4 (51.3) 0.212
Hb Change, mean (SD) 19.0 (9.4) 19.1 (9.6) 18.8 (8.8) 0.67
PLND, n (%) No 494 (58.0) 341 (57.2) 153 (59.8) 0.538
Yes 358 (42.0) 255 (42.8) 103 (40.2)
Tstage, n (%) T1-2 648 (76.1) 447 (75.0) 201 (78.5) 0.31
T3 204 (23.9) 149 (25.0) 55 (21.5)
Gleason Score, n (%) 6 126 (14.8) 92 (15.4) 34 (13.3) 0.369
7 428 (50.2) 290 (48.7) 138 (53.9)
8 133 (15.6) 91 (15.3) 42 (16.4)
9 156 (18.3) 115 (19.3) 41 (16.0)
ISUP, n (%) 1 126 (14.8) 92 (15.4) 34 (13.3) 0.501
2 233 (27.3) 158 (26.5) 75 (29.3)
3 195 (22.9) 132 (22.1) 63 (24.6)
4 133 (15.6) 91 (15.3) 42 (16.4)
5 165 (19.4) 123 (20.6) 42 (16.4)
10 9 (1.1) 8 (1.3) 1 (0.4)
PNI, n (%) Negative 204 (23.9) 146 (24.5) 58 (22.7) 0.624
Positive 648 (76.1) 450 (75.5) 198 (77.3)
LVI, n (%) Negative 733 (86.0) 517 (86.7) 216 (84.4) 0.42
Positive 119 (14.0) 79 (13.3) 40 (15.6)
Basal Margin, n (%) Negative 775 (91.0) 538 (90.3) 237 (92.6) 0.343
Positive 77 (9.0) 58 (9.7) 19 (7.4)
Apical Margin, n (%) Negative 745 (87.4) 527 (88.4) 218 (85.2) 0.228
Positive 107 (12.6) 69 (11.6) 38 (14.8)
Postoperative Hospital Stay, mean (SD) 6.0 (1.9) 6.0 (2.0) 6.0 (1.7) 0.86

SD: standard deviation;

BMI: Body mass index; TURP: Transurethral resection of the prostate; PSA: Prostate-specific antigen; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; MUL: Membranous urethral length;

PLND: Pelvic lymph node dissection; ISUP: International Society of Urological Pathology; PNI: Perineural Invasion; LVI: Lymphovascular Invasion;