Table 2.
Comparison of demographic and clinical features between Huntington's disease (HD) with normal-nutrition and malnutrition.
| Variables | CONUT a | GNRI b | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HD | Normal nutrition | Malnutrition | p value | Normal nutrition | Malnutrition | p -value | |
| Number | 113 | 49 | 39 | / | 57 | 9 | / |
| Age (y) | 54.27 ± 11.36 | 54.93 ± 12.09 | 53.21 ± 11.23 | 0.495 | 53.67 ± 10.75 | 51.47 ± 11.03 | 0.572 |
| Sex (male, %) | 44 (38.9%) | 20 (40.8%) | 13 (33.3%) | 0.175 | 18/57 (31.5%) | 3/9 (33.3%) | 0.963 |
| BMI | 21.29 ± 2.51 | 21.14 ± 2.47 | 21.78 ± 2.57 | 0.242 | 21.11 ± 2.48 | 21.02 ± 3.30 | 0.925 |
| CAG repeat | 44 (42–46) | 44 (42–46) | 44 (42–46) | 0.509 | 44 (42–46) | 44 (42–46) | 0.164 |
| Age of onset (years) | 42.73 ± 10.02 | 42.88 ± 10.59 | 42.44 ± 9.57 | 0.839 | 44.18 ± 8.84 | 40.29 ± 9.98 | 0.234 |
| Family history | |||||||
| Maternal inheritance | 53/113 (46.9%) | 21/49 (42.8%) | 18/39 (46.1%) | 0.400 | 22/57 (38.5%) | 4/9 (44.4%) | 0.769 |
| Paternal inheritance | 34/113 (30%) | 15/49 (30.6%) | 12/39 (30.7%) | 0.974 | 20/57 (35%) | 3/9 (33.3%) | 0.560 |
| Unclear | 26/113 (23%) | 13/49 (26.5%) | 9/39 (23%) | 0.328 | 15/57 (26.3%) | 2/9 (22.2%) | 0.789 |
| Genetic anticipation (%) | 44.14% (49/111) | 37.5% (18/48) | 41% (16/39) | 0.376 | 35% (20/57) | 33.3% (3/9) | 0.789 |
| UHDRS-TMS | 38.18 ± 15.76 | 37.09 ± 15.35 | 38.26 ± 15.52 | 0.727 | 36.89 ± 14.53 | 42.33 ± 13.83 | 0.299 |
| UHDRS-TFC | 8.13 ± 3.31 | 8.02 ± 3.10 | 7.82 ± 3.42 | 0.777 | 8.29 ± 3.02 | 5.00 ± 2.83 | 0.003 ** |
| cUHDRS | 6.07 ± 3.82 | 5.97 ± 3.94 | 5.73 ± 3.73 | 0.802 | 6.75 ± 3.17 | 3.52 ± 3.19 | 0.038 * |
| MMSE | 21.61 ± 5.81 | 21.84 ± 5.51 | 21.39 ± 5.54 | 0.734 | 21.74 ± 5.79 | 20.00 ± 5.61 | 0.437 |
| SDMT | 15.24 ± 11.26 | 16.74 ± 11.59 | 13.13 ± 9.59 | 0.174 | 16.18 ± 10.36 | 10.20 ± 8.56 | 0.224 |
| SCN | 29.41 ± 15.12 | 28.81 ± 16.45 | 29.15 ± 13.82 | 0.926 | 32.38 ± 14.77 | 27.00 ± 5.93 | 0.386 |
| SWR | 38.33 ± 19.55 | 37.49 ± 20.96 | 37.97 ± 18.08 | 0.919 | 42.63 ± 18.18 | 39.17 ± 14.08 | 0.658 |
| SI | 17.42 ± 11.38 | 17.81 ± 12.00 | 15.39 ± 11.58 | 0.395 | 17.61 ± 11.32 | 15.33 ± 12.99 | 0.653 |
| PBA-s | 13.61 ± 13.47 | 14.26 ± 14.10 | 13.28 ± 12.04 | 0.744 | 14.11 ± 13.96 | 16.33 ± 14.46 | 0.661 |
| HAMD | 11.17 ± 6.98 | 12.08 ± 8.33 | 10.53 ± 4.67 | 0.470 | 10.68 ± 7.42 | 13.86 ± 3.93 | 0.278 |
| HAMA | 8.25 ± 4.16 | 8.80 ± 4.95 | 7.33 ± 2.81 | 0.513 | 7.92 ± 4.57 | 9.67 ± 0.58 | 0.206 |
| BDI | 6.87 ± 5.89 | 8.47 ± 7.46 | 6.71 ± 4.05 | 0.426 | 7.19 ± 6.18 | 13.50 ± 6.36 | 0.172 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 42.99 ± 4.00 | 43.95 ± 3.17 | 41.48 ± 4.64 | 0.004 ** | 44.46 ± 2.77 | 37.12 ± 3.57 | < 0.0001 *** |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.53 ± 0.91 | 4.94 ± 0.83 | 3.98 ± 0.75 | < 0.0001 *** | 4.63 ± 0.90 | 4.12 ± 0.91 | 0.122 |
| Lymphocytes (109/L) | 1.70 ± 0.52 | 2.01 ± 0.46 | 1.34 ± 0.32 | < 0.0001 *** | 1.70 ± 0.53 | 1.46 ± 0.47 | 0.206 |
| PNI | 51.41 ± 5.38 | 54.00 ± 4.37 | 48.16 ± 4.76 | < 0.0001 *** | 52.86 ± 4.10 | 44.42 ± 4.85 | < 0.0001 *** |
| CONUT | 1.49 ± 1.36 | 0.51 ± 0.51 | 2.72 ± 1.05 | < 0.0001 *** | 1.41 ± 1.06 | 2.44 ± 2.13 | 0.028 * |
| GNRI | 103.70 ± 5.96 | 104.80 ± 5.04 | 102.50 ± 6.67 | 0.127 | 105.30 ± 4.26 | 93.28 ± 3.81 | < 0.0001 *** |
| Smoking (%) | 10/47 (21.28%) | 4/24 (16.67%) | 5/19 (26.32%) | 0.226 | 8/36 (22.2%) | 1/7 (14.29%) | 0.413 |
| Drinking (%) | 11/47 (23.40%) | 7/24 (29.17%) | 4/19 (21.05%) | 0.412 | 9/36 (25%) | 2/7 (28.57%) | 0.739 |
| Survival time (years) | 9.97 ± 5.18 | 9.80 ± 5.61 | 9.63 ± 4.75 | 0.877 | 9.76 ± 5.16 | 11.52 ± 5.45 | 0.349 |
| Outcome (%) | 44/113 (38.94%) | 17/49 (34.69%) | 18/31 (58.06%) | 0.001 ** | 24/57 (42.1%) | 5/9 (55.55%) | 0.09 |
| Final MMSE | 12.68 ± 10.58 | 11.78 ± 10.76 | 13.31 ± 10.35 | 0.675 | 16.65 ± 8.74 | 21.67 ± 5.77 | 0.348 |
| ATFC | 0.83 ± 1.62 | 0.57 ± 1.31 | 1.10 ± 2.00 | 0.215 | 0.75 ± 1.42 | −0.1 ± 1.79 | 0.134 |
CONUT, controlling nutritional status; GNRI, geriatric nutritional risk index; PNI, prognostic nutritional index; BMI, body mass index; cUHDRS, composite unified Huntington's disease rating scale; UHDRS, unified Huntington's disease rating scale; TFC, total functional capacity; TMS, total motor score; MMSE, mini–mental state examination; SDMT, symbol digit modality test; SWR, Stroop word reading test; SCN, Stroop color naming test; SI, Stroop interference test; PBA-s, the short version of the problem-behavior assessment; BDI, beck depression inventory; HAMD, Hamilton depression scale; HAMA, Hamilton anxiety scale.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
a25 were missing data.
b47 were missing data. The bold values indicate statistically significant results (p < 0.05).