Table 2.

Sociodemographic and Psychosocial Correlates of Hookah Use During Pregnancy (Unadjusted)

	Hookah versus C&OT			Hookah versus no tobacco products
	Risk Ratio	95% CI	p-value	Risk Ratio	95% CI	p-value
Race (ref. white)
Black	2.05	(1.06, 3.96)	0.032	1.39	(0.66, 2.95)	0.385
Asian/Pacific Islander	---	---	---	---	---	---
American/Alaska Native	0.70	(0.11, 4.63)	0.711	0.78	(0.11, 5.65)	0.809
Another race	3.33	(2.04, 5.45)	<0.001	2.75	(1.59, 4.78)	<0.001
Multiple	0.86	(0.22, 3.34)	0.829	0.80	(0.19, 3.38)	0.765
Hispanic/Latinx	3.12	(2.11, 4.61)	<0.001	2.84	(1.81, 4.46)	<0.001
Gestational age (weeks)	0.97	(0.94, 1.01)	0.092	0.98	(0.94, 1.02)	0.432
Education (ref. < bachelor’s)	1.08	(0.53, 2.19)	0.840	0.28	(0.11, 0.68)	0.005
Income (ref. <$30k)	1.18	(0.75, 1.84)	0.472	0.40	(0.23, 0.70)	0.001
Depression	1.06	(0.70, 1.60)	0.793	2.22	(1.38, 3.58)	0.001
Serious psychiatric diagnosis	0.19	(0.05, 0.74)	0.017	0.63	(0.16, 2.45)	0.506
Used e-cigs in preg or 3mp	0.37	(0.13, 1.08)	0.070	---	---	---
Used marijuana in 3mp	0.89	(0.61, 1.28)	0.523	2.52	(1.66, 3.83)	<0.001
Used other drugs in 3mp	0.75	(0.28, 2.00)	0.566	7.45	(4.07, 13.64)	<0.001
Used alcohol in preg	1.60	(1.13, 2.26)	0.008	3.45	(2.29, 5.18)	<0.001
Maternal age (years)	0.92	(0.88, 0.95)	<0.001	0.92	(0.88, 0.96)	<0.001
Number of children	0.72	(0.61, 0.85)	<0.001	0.80	(0.65, 1.00)	0.045
Household size	0.98	(0.87, 1.11)	0.782	0.98	(0.84, 1.15)	0.842

Note. E- cigs = e-cigarettes; preg = pregnancy; 3mp = 3 months prior to pregnancy. Gestational age was estimated at the time of screening.