TABLE 1.

Physical parameters used in the simulation

Parameter	Value	Reference
Virus diameter	90 nm	Murphy et al. (1995)
Length virus attachment protein	8 nm	Murphy et al. (1995)
Length cellular receptor	6.3 nm	Kwong et al. (1998)
Length of unstressed bond	14.3 nm
Number of virus attachment proteins on virus surface	72	Hlavacek et al. (1999)
Bond spring constant	1.2 × 10−1 N/m	Chang and Hammer (2000)
Transition-state spring constant	1.1 × 10−1 N/m	Chang and Hammer (2000)
Physiological cellular receptor density	6.3 × 1011 mol/cm2	Dimitrov et al. (1992)
	1.4 × 105/s	Dimitrov et al. (1992)
	3 × 10−4/s	Dimitrov et al. (1992)
δt	1 ns	English and Hammer (2004)